Front. Med. Frontiers in Medicine Front. Med. 2296-858X Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fmed.2025.1485474 Medicine Systematic Review The efficacy and safety of androgen analog oxandrolone in improving clinical outcomes in burn patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Lou Jiaqi 1 † Xiang Ziyi 2 † Zhu Xiaoyu 3 † Song Jingyao 4 Huang Neng 1 Li Jiliang 1 Jin Guoying 1 Fan Youfen 1 Cui Shengyong 1 * 1Burn Department, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China 2Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China 3Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany 4School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Whenzhou, China

Edited by: Jia Ke Chai, Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, China

Reviewed by: Cristian Sandoval, University of La Frontera, Chile

Qingfu Zhang, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China

 *Correspondence: Shengyong Cui, csy00544@163.com

†These authors have contributed equally to this work

 08 08 2025 2025 12 1485474 23 08 2024 22 07 2025 Copyright © 2025 Lou, Xiang, Zhu, Song, Huang, Li, Jin, Fan and Cui. 2025 Lou, Xiang, Zhu, Song, Huang, Li, Jin, Fan and Cui

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 Background

This latest systematic review and meta-analysis aim to examine efficacy and safety of androgen analog oxandrolone in burn patients.

 Methods

Relevant articles were retrieved from Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of science, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wanfang database and China Biology Medicine disc. The output measures were the weight loss in catabolic phase, weight gain in recovery phase, lean body mass in recovery phas, operation times, healing time of donor area, length of hospital stay/total body surface area burned (LOS/TBSA%), length of hospital stay (LOS), side effects, infection and mortality. Data were pooled and expressed as relative risk (RR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).

 Results

19 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis, with 779 patients who received oxandrolone (treatment group) and 1,227 patients who received standard care or placebo (control group). The pooled data from all included studies demonstrated that the treatment group has significantly reduced weight loss in catabolic phase (SMD = 1.86; 95% CI: −0.13–3.84; p < 0.001, I2 = 95.0%), operation times (SMD = −0.69; 95% CI: −1.84–0.46, p < 0.001, I2 = 96.8%), LOS/TBSA% (SMD = −1.07; 95% CI: −2.43–0.29, p < 0.001, I2 = 98.1%), LOS (SMD = −0.55; 95% CI: −1.32–0.22, p < 0.001, I2 = 97.3%) and increased weight gain (SMD = 0.58; 95% CI: −1.21–2.38, p < 0.001, I2 = 95.1%), as well as lean body mass in recovery phase (SMD = 1.30; 95% CI: −0.47–3.24, p < 0.001, I2 = 95.0%). There were no significant differences in healing time of donor area (SMD = −1.48; 95% CI: −2.18–0.77, p = 0.116, I2 = 53.7%), side effects (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.68–1.87, p = 0.174, I2 = 28.4%) and infection (RR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.67–1.02, p = 0.639, I2 = 0.0%) between the two groups, and it did not significantly reduce mortality (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.47–2.32, p = 0.013).

 Conclusion

Our meta-analysis showed that oxandrolone supplements are beneficial for burn patients as they significantly reduce the weight loss in catabolic phase, operation times, LOS/TBSA%, LOS, mortality and increase weight gain and lean body mass in recovery phase. However, this intervention has minimal impact on healing time of donor area, side effects and infection.

 burn patients androgen analog oxandrolone meta analysis mortality 2022HMKY48 2023HMZD07 2022-F17 2023030615 HwaMei Research Foundation of Ningbo No. 2 Hospital Project of NINGBO Leading Medical & Health Discipline Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program section-at-acceptance Intensive Care Medicine and Anesthesiology Background

Severe burns represent a major global health burden, with an estimated 18 million cases annually worldwide, leading to 265,000 deaths and consuming substantial healthcare resources, particularly in low-income regions (1). Severe burns often lead to an upsurge in pro-inflammatory cytokines and stress hormones (2), resulting in a state of heightened metabolism. This metabolic state is characterized by increased protein catabolism and inadequate protein synthesis, leading to a negative nitrogen balance that impacts nutritional status and the wound healing process (3). Furthermore, it can compromise the body’s immunity and predispose individuals to infections (4). In burn patients, reduced levels of androgen are observed (5) due to varying degrees of degeneration and necrosis in Leydig cells following extensive burns (6). These changes manifest as decreased cytoplasmic lipid droplets, expansion of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, condensed mitochondria, and diminished Golgi complexes (7, 8). Testosterone concentration rapidly decreases in adult male burn patients post-injury, with more severe burns correlating with greater reductions of it (9).

Burns are a significant global health burden, affecting millions of individuals annually and resulting in substantial mortality and consumption of medical resources. Oxandrolone, a synthetic testosterone analog, exhibits promising potential for enhancing wound healing by promoting protein synthesis while attenuating protein catabolism (10, 11). Its administration has been associated with accelerated wound closure in trauma patients along with increased wound contractility and collagen deposition (12). Oxandrolone exerts its effects by binding to androgen receptors, thereby promoting protein synthesis and inhibiting protein breakdown. It also plays a role in regulating metabolism and immune function (11). Specifically, it can increase the synthesis of muscle proteins, reduce the degradation of muscle fibers, and modulate the immune response to reduce inflammation and promote wound healing (11, 12). Although some studies (13, 14) have demonstrated its efficacy, high-quality research on this topic remains limited without comprehensive evidence review or summary regarding its application specifically in burn cases thus far. Moreover, previous findings (15–17) indicate that high-dose oxandrolone usage may lead to abnormal liver enzymes and disruptions in lipid metabolism; however, clear evidence confirming any adverse effects of oxandrolone on burns is lacking at present necessitating further investigation into its safety profile. Therefore, this systematic review is aimed to assess the androgen analog oxandrolone in improving clinical outcomes in burn patients.

 Methods

The research protocol, outcomes, and relevant items in this systematic review were reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Statement (18). The protocol for this meta-analysis has been registered with PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024564282, CRD42024564282).

Data source and search strategy

Relevant articles were searched in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of science, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructureris, VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals, Wanfang database and China Biology Medicine disc using subject headings and keywords containing “Burns,” “Trauma,” “Wounds and Injuries,” “Wounds,” “Gonadal Hormones,” “Gonadal Steroid Hormones,” “Estradiol Congeners,” “Equilenin,” “Equilin,” “Estradiol,” “Estriol,” “Estrogenic Steroids, Alkylated,” “Estrogens, Catechol,” “Estrogens, Conjugated (USP),” “Estrogens, Esterified (USP),” “Estrone,” “Progesterone Congeners,” “Pregnenolone,” “Progesterone,” “Testosterone Congeners,” “Anabolic Androgenic Steroids,” “Androstane-3,17-diol,” “Androstenediol,” “Androstenedione,” “Androsterone,” “Dehydroepiandrosterone,” “Dihydrotestosterone,” “Etiocholanolone,” “Nandrolone” and “Testosterone.” For example, the PubMed search strategy included: “(((((Burns[Title/Abstract]) OR (Wounds and Injuries[Title/Abstract])) OR (Wounds[Title/Abstract])) OR (Trauma[Title/Abstract])) OR (diabetic foot[Title/Abstract])) AND (((((((((((((((((((((((((((Gonadal Hormones[Title/Abstract]) OR (Gonadal Steroid Hormones[Title/Abstract])) OR (Estradiol Congeners[Title/Abstract])) OR (Equilenin[Title/Abstract])) OR (Equilin[Title/Abstract])) OR (Estradiol[Title/Abstract])) OR (Estriol[Title/Abstract])) OR (Estrogenic Steroids, Alkylated[Title/Abstract])) OR (Estrogens, Catechol[Title/Abstract])) OR (Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)) OR (Estrogens, Esterified (USP)) OR (Estrone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Progesterone Congeners[Title/Abstract])) OR (Pregnenolone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Progesterone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Testosterone Congeners[Title/Abstract])) OR (Anabolic Androgenic Steroids[Title/Abstract])) OR (Androstane-3,17-diol[Title/Abstract])) OR (Androstenediol[Title/Abstract])) OR (Androstenedione[Title/Abstract])) OR (Androsterone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Dehydroepiandrosterone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Dihydrotestosterone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Etiocholanolone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Nandrolone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Testosterone[Title/Abstract])) OR (Gonadal Hormones[MeSH Terms])).” Similar strategies were adapted for other databases (e.g., Embase, Cochrane) using database-specific syntax and controlled vocabulary (Supplementary Table 1). In addition, the references of the included studies and relevant review articles were screened to identify eligible clinical trials that were not found through the database searches. The identified articles were imported, stored, and managed by EndNote 20. Each search result was independently reviewed for eligibility by two authors (Ziyi Xiang, Jiaqi Lou), and any disagreement was resolved by the corresponding author (Shengyong Cui). The literature search for each database was conducted from inception to December 2023. The search results were updated every 3 months during the study period to ensure the inclusion of the most recent studies.

 Research question (PICOS framework)

This systematic review addressed the following question: (1) Population: Burn patients of all ages; (2) Intervention: Administration of androgen analogs (e.g., oxandrolone) alone or in combination with standard care; (3) Comparator: Placebo, standard care, or non-oxandrolone treatments; (4) Outcomes: Weight loss in the catabolic phase, weight gain in the recovery phase, lean body mass, operation times, healing time of donor area, length of hospital stay (LOS), LOS/TBSA%, side effects, infection, and mortality; and (5) Study Design: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (Supplementary Table 2).

 Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria: (1) Type of study: RCT; (2) Participants: Burn patients of all ages; (3) Intervention: Androgen analog, like oxandrolone, alone or in combination with other treatment compared with placebo or non- oxandrolone; and (4) Outcomes: The weight loss in catabolic phase, weight gain in recovery phase, lean body mass in recovery phas, operation times, healing time of donor area, length of hospital stay/total body surface area burned (LOS/TBSA%), length of hospital stay (LOS), side effects, infection and mortality.

Exclusion criteria: (1) Studies without clear inclusion and exclusion criteria; (2) Outcomes that had not been clearly stated; (3) Uncontrolled studies; and (4) Preclinical studies in animal models. If multiple articles reported the same or overlapping data, the article with the longer duration of the intervention or larger sample size was included in this study.

 Data extraction and quality assessment

Two co-authors (Jiaqi Lou and Xiaoyu Zhu) independently conducted article selection through the initial screening of titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text review to assess eligibility and sufficiency of information. For every study adhering to the eligibility requirements, relevant data including study sources (author, publication year, and country), study population characteristics (sample size, study design, type of subjects, gender ratio, baseline mean age), treatment details (drug, dosage, duration of intervention), and outcomes (weight loss in catabolic phase, weight gain, lean body mass in recovery phase, number of operations, healing time of donor area, LOS/TBSA%, LOS, side effects, infection and mortality) were gathered using a standardized data extraction template (19). A pilot-tested extraction template was used by two independent reviewers (Jiaqi Lou, Xiaoyu Zhu) to ensure accuracy. Discrepancies were resolved via consensus or third-author arbitration (Youfen Fan).

The methodological quality of the included randomized controlled trials was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool, outlined in version 5.0.1 of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (20). The risk of bias for each parameter was classified as either low, high, or unclear, conforming to the Cochrane Handbook’s criteria for Systematic Reviews (21). Independent authors, Jiaqi Lou and Shengyong Cui, performed data abstraction and quality appraisal. Any differences were resolved through discussion and, if consensus was not reached, a third researcher, Youfen Fan, provided an arbitrative judgment. Data synthesis was conducted using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4.

 Statistical analysis

Three co-authors (Jiaqi Lou, Jingyao Song, and Guoying Jin) concurrently extracted data from full-text studies using a shared worksheet. Information retrieved from the included studies encompassed: first author, year of publication, duration of treatment, study design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, intervention details, number of subjects, and outcomes. A third author, Jiliang Li, employed a standardized method for scrutinizing the data for validity. The methodological quality assessment, outlined in Table 1, conformed to the Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook guidelines (20). Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) reported discrete numerical variables. Due to varying methods used to assess identical outcomes, standardized mean difference (SMD) was used as the summary statistic in this meta-analysis (22). The I2 statistic was utilized to quantify heterogeneity, and forest plots were jointly generated and double-checked by two authors (Jiaqi Lou and Neng Huang). When I2 statistics were below 50%, pooled outcomes were deemed as having low statistical heterogeneity, whereas figures above 50% indicated high statistical heterogeneity. A fixed-effects model estimated each low heterogeneity analysis, while high heterogeneity results were assessed using a random-effects model (21). To analyze potential sources of heterogeneity, a leave-one-out sensitivity evaluation was conducted, sequentially omitting studies to identify the confounding randomized control trial(s). Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Egger’s regression test, and a sensitivity analysis, where p-values below 0.05 were deemed statistically significant (23). If there was a discrepancy in funnel plot asymmetry or the Egger’s regression test results, the “trim and fill” method was utilized to substitute missing studies and estimate the influence of publication bias on the observed pooled effect size (24). All statistical analyses were performed using StataSE 15.1. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests except for the heterogeneity test, in which case a p < 0.10 was used.

Summary of details in the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studies included.

Study (author/year) Journal Country Patients Design Group Dosage and administration Numbers of patients Male (n) Female (n) Mean age (SD, Year) %TBSA Outcomes
Demling 1997 (25) J Trauma America Patients with deep partial-thickness burns (30 to 50% TBSA burned) Single center, RCT High protein, high calorie diet+high protein supplement (MET-Rx) + Oxandrolone 10 mg oxandrolone, po, bid+High protein, high calorie diet+high protein supplement 7 NA NA 36 ± 9 47 ± 6 (1)(2)(4)(10)
High protein, high calorie diet+high protein supplement (MET-Rx) High protein, high calorie diet+high protein supplement 8 NA NA 34 ± 8 45 ± 8
Demling 2000 (26) J Crit Care America Patients with burns (40 to 70% TBSA burned) Single center, RCT Oxandrolone Orally at a dose of 20 mg/day in two divided doses of four 2.5 mg tablets, either through a feeding tube or by mouth 11 NA NA 49 ± 13 54 ± 9 (2)(4)(8)(10)
Placebo Given in the same fashion. The composition of the oxandrolone pill is 2.5 mg of oxandrolone combined with 150 mg of lactulose monohydrate, corn starch, and methyl cellulose 9 NA NA 44 ± 6 49 ± 7
Demling 2001-1 (1) (27) Burns America Young patients with deep partial-thickness burns (30 to 55% TBSA burned) entering the injury recovery phase Single center, RCT Optimum nutrition and Exercise+Oxandrolone Given 10 mg Oxandrolone orally twice a day for the next 4 weeks or until pre-burn weight had been restored+Optimum nutrition and Exercise 13 NA NA 34 ± 5 47 ± 10 (1)(2)(3)(4)(10)
Optimum nutrition and Exercise alone Optimum nutrition and Exercise 12 NA NA
Demling 2001-1 (2) (27) Burns America Old patients with deep partial-thickness burns (30 to 55% TBSA burned) entering the injury recovery phase Single center, RCT Optimum nutrition and Exercise+Oxandrolone Given 10 mg Oxandrolone orally twice a day for the next 4 weeks or until pre-burn weight had been restored+Optimum nutrition and Exercise 8 NA NA 60 ± 5 36 ± 5 (1)(2)(3)(4)(10)
Optimum nutrition and Exercise alone Optimum nutrition and Exercise 7 NA NA
Demling 2001-2 (28) Burns America > 50%TBSA, and > 25% TBSA burned needed skin grafting, or > 25%TBSA burned with concurrent factors (60 years of age or older, malnutrition or diabetes) Single center, RCT Testosterone analog (oxandrolone) 20 mg oxandrolone, po, qd 16 13 3 49 ± 15 56 ± 15 (2)(4)(8)(10)
0.1 mg/kg i.m. for HGH 24 16 8 40 ± 13 39 ± 12
Zhang 2002 (29) Guangxi Med J China Burn patients over the age of 18 years and under the age of 50 years with 30–60% TBSA burned and 10% deep partial-thickness burns” Single center, RCT Androgens (testosterone propionate) group Application 3 days a week, qd, 25 mg, with 4 weeks in a row 16 NA NA (8)(10)
Control Same dose of saline, im 16 NA NA
Demling 2003 (30) Burns America Burn patients transferred to rehabilitation center Single center, RCT Oxandrolone+Nutrition-Exercise 20 mg oxandrolone, po, qd + Nutrition-exercise program 23 NA NA 43 ± 15 40 ± 14 (1)(2)(3)(10)
Nutrition-Exercise Nutrition-exercise program 22 41 ± 14 37 ± 15
Murphy 2004 (31) Surgery America Children with > 40%TBSA burned and younger than 18 years of age Single center, RCT Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg body weight oxandrolone was administered, po, bid 42 27 15 8.5 ± 5 54 ± 16 (4)
Placebo 0.1 mg/kg body weight placebo was administered, po, bid 42 29 13 8.2 ± 5 60 ± 15
Thomas 2004 (32) J Trauma America After entering burn rehabilitation wards, children with ≥ 40% TBSA Single center, RCT Oxandrolone Oxandrosterone (0.1 mg/kg, po, bid) from the 5th day after burn to 1 year after burn 10 8 2 9 ± 1 62 ± 5 (4)(7)
Placebo Placebo (0.1 mg/kg, po, bid) from the 5th day after burn to 1 year after burn 11 9 2 7 ± 2 60 ± 4
Przkora 2005 (33) Ann Surg America Children with > 40%TBSA burned and ≤ 18 years of age Single center, RCT Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg oxandrolone (BTG Pharmaceuticals, Iselin, NJ), po, bid, for 12 months after burn from the date of hospital discharge 30 20 10 9 ± 5 56 ± 16 (4)
Placebo 0.1 mg/kg placebo, po, bid, for 12 months after burn from the date of hospital discharge 31 20 11 9 ± 5 61 ± 16
Wolf 2006 (34) J Burn Care Res America Burn patients with 20 to 60%TBSA Multiple center, RCT Oxandrolone Oxandrolone 10 mg, po, q12h 46 39 ± 2 35 ± 2 (4)(5)(7)(10)
Placebo Placebo 10 mg, po, q12h 35 40 ± 3 36 ± 2
Jeschke 2007 (35) Ann Surg America > 40% TBSA burned children under the age of eight, and need at least a surgical intervention Single center, RCT Standard burn care+Oxandrolone Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg body weight was administered, po, q12h + Standard burn care 45 31 14 8 ± 0.7 58 ± 2 (5)(6)(9)(10)
Standard burn care+Placebo Placebo 0.1 mg/kg body weight was administered, po, q12h + Standard burn care 190 112 78 7.7 ± 0.4 55 ± 2
Pham 2008 (36) J Burn Care Res America ≥20% TBSA burned without concomitant traumatic injury Multiple center, RCT Oxandrolone treated Within 7 days of admission for a duration of at least 7 days 59 46 13 42.3 ± 14.1 42.9 ± 16.9 (4)(6)(7)(9)(10)
. Oxandrolone non-treated Duration of less than 7 days 58 44 14 42.9 ± 18.1 46.3 ± 20.3
Tuvdendorj 2011 (37) Surgery America age ≤18 years, at admission ≥40% TBSA burned Single center, RCT Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg, po, bid, for 6 months after discharge 12 10 2 10.4 ± 1.4 53 ± 2 (3)(9)
Control placebo, for 6 months after discharge 10 4 6 7.4 ± 1.2 58 ± 5
Porro 2012 (38) J Am Coll Surg America Patients aged 0–18 years with >30% TBSA burned and requiring at least one surgical intervention Single center, RCT Oxandrolone Started within 48 h of the first surgery and administered Oxandrolone orally at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, bid, for one year 70 45 25 8 ± 5 54 ± 15 (6)(7)(9)(10)
Control Started within 48 h of the first surgery and administered placebo orally at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, bid, for one year 152 99 53 8 ± 5 57 ± 15
Herndon 2016 (1) (39) Ann Surg America Age ranged from 0.5 to 18 years with ≥30% TBSA burned Single center, RCT Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg body weight was administered, po, q12h, at least for 1 year 67 43 24 6 ± 0.5 54 ± 2 (4)(6)(10)
Control NA 248 146 102 6 ± 0.2 52 ± 1
Herndon 2016 (2) (39) Ann Surg America Age ranged from 0.5 to 18 years with ≥30% TBSA burned Single center, RCT Oxandrolone+Propranolol 4.0 ± 0.2 mg/kg/day, at least for 1 week, the dose was set to reduce the heart rate by 15% 103 72 31 5 ± 0.4 51 ± 1 (4)(6)(10)
Control NA 248 146 102 6 ± 0.2 52 ± 1
Reeves 2016 (40) Shock America Age ≤ 18 years with ≥30% TBSA burned Single center, RCT Long-Term Oxandrolone 0.1 mg/kg oxandrolone, po, bid, for 2 years 35 27 8 8.58 ± 0.96 50.57 ± 2.68 (4)(6)(7)(9)
Control Placebo, po, bid, for 2 years 84 55 29 7.17 ± 0.56 56 ± 1.35
Chao 2018 (41) Med Sci Sports Exerc America Children aged 7 to 17 years with burns Single center, RCT Rehabilitative Exercise Training (RET) + Oxandrolone+ Propranolol (Oxprop) Oxandrolone was administered at 0.1 mg/kg (BTG Pharmaceuticals, Iselin, NJ), bid, during the patients entire stay in hospital and throughout the exercise training program. Propranolol was administered at a dose of 0.33 mg/kg of body weight every 4 h (1.98 mg/kg) 20 16 4 (1)(3)
RET with a Placeb NA 22 16 6
Herndon 2018 (42) Ann Surg America Children between 6 months and 18 years of age with burns over 30% TBSA and requiring skin grafting Single center, RCT OxProp Oxandrolone (BTG Pharmaceuticals, West Conshohocken, PA) was administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg every 12 h for a minimum of 1 year; propranolol (Roxane Laboratories, Columbus, OH) was administered at a dose of 4.0 ± 0.2 mg/kg/day for a minimum of 1 year 126 91 35 7.4 ± 0.5 50 ± 1 (10)
Control NA 226 142 84 7.1 ± 0.4 52 ± 1
Ali 2022 (43) Burns Egypt Burn patients receiving treatment in the burn unit Single center, RCT Nandrolone decanoate (ND) + Escharectomy and skin grafting Nandrolone decanoate injection in dose of 0.5 mg/kg/3 weeks, deep IM repeated till recovery 20 20 0 20–40岁 2–40%TBSA (2)(4)(5)
Escharectomy and skin grafting Not received nandrolone decanoate injection 20 20 0

Serial number definition:(1) Weight loss in catabolic phase; (2) Weight gain in recovery phase; (3) Lean body mass in recovery phase; (4) Side effects (mild liver dysfunction or local tissue edema); (5) Infection; (6) Mortality; (7) Operation times; (8) Healing time of donor area; (9) LOS/TBSA (d/TBSA); (10) LOS. The age data conforming to the normal distribution is expressed as M ± SD. NA: Not available; TBSA: Total body surface area; LOS: Length of stay; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; OxProp: Oxandrolone+Propranolol; qd: Quaque die; bid: Bis in die; im: Intramuscular Injection; po: peros.

 Results Characteristics of included studies

As depicted by the PRISMA statement flowchart in Figure 1, the study selection process began with 8,590 records identified from the database search. Automated filtering eliminated 4,569 duplicates, leaving 4,021 records. Following the exclusion of 1,529 records not meeting the inclusion criteria and the manual removal of a further 1,184 duplicates, 124 records remained for review. Detailed scrutiny of these full articles resulted in 19 studies (25–43) meeting our inclusion criteria, thus qualifying for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Table 1 presents the summarized attributes of these studies. The collective total of 2006 patients were classified into two groups: the androgen analog group (n = 779) and the control group (n = 1,227).

PRISMA diagram detailing the literature search and the study selection/exclusion process. PRISMA, preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses; RCT, randomized controlled trials.

PRISMA 2020 flow diagram for systematic reviews of databases and registers. Identification phase includes 8 sources with 9,282 records, 4,569 duplicates removed. Screening phase shows 1,308 records; 1,184 excluded. Eligibility phase has 124 reports; excludes 105 for specific reasons. Inclusion phase concludes with 19 studies.

5 trials were explicit double-blinded except for the studies conducted by reference [25–29]. 2 studies were multi-center studies (34, 36), the others were single-center studies. These trials were published between 1997 and 2022, with sample sizes in individual trials ranging from 15 to 418. All trials were published in English except one (29) in Chinese. All trials were completed in the United States, except for the study by Zhang et al. (29), which was conducted in China, and the study by Ali et al. (43), which was conducted in Egypt.

The youngest participants were infants at gestational age of 6 months (29), and the vast majority were children participants (31–42). Interventions in the included trials consisted of different dosages of oxandrolone. All oxandrolone was administered orally in all trials, and the daily dose of oxandrolone in most trials was 10 or 20 mg, or calculated at 0.1 mg/kg. The androgen analog used in Ali et al.’s (43) trial was Nandrolone decanoate (ND), which was treated through injection at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/3 weeks, combined with electrochemistry and skin grafting. The drug used by Zhang et al. (29) is testosterone propionate. In addition, in four studies (39–42), the experimental group received treatment with oxandrolone combined with propranolol. Chao et al. (41) and Demling et al. (30) combined physical exercise therapy on the basis of oxandrolone. The trial time of Pham et al. (36) was relatively shortest, with the minimum medication time for participants being only 1 week, while Reeves et al. (40) conducted the longest trial time, up to 2 years.

 Risk of bias and quality assessment of individual studies

The Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool was employed to evaluate 19 studies. Figure 2 presents the risk of bias in the included trials across different quality domains of the risk of bias tool. Notably, five trials (25, 27, 33, 40, 43) did not adhere to allocation considerations, engendering high risk. Conversely, eight trials (26, 29, 31–34, 36, 39) displayed a clear double-blind design, while the remaining studies exhibited either low or unclear risks regarding the blinding of participants and key study personnel. Additionally, all the randomized controlled trials demonstrated a low or unclear risk of bias concerning incomplete outcome data and selective outcome reporting.

Risk of bias charts. (A) Risk of bias in the included studies; (B) Risk of bias summary for all included studies.

Bar graph and table assessing risk of bias in studies. Panel A shows categories of bias with corresponding color-coded risk levels: green for low risk, yellow for unclear risk, and red for high risk. Panel B presents a grid of studies against bias categories using the same color coding to indicate risk levels for each study. Meta-analysis findings Weight loss in catabolic phase

5 studies reported data on the weight loss in catabolic phase. Quantitative pooling of data revealed a significantly lower weight loss in catabolic phase in burn patients receiving oxandrolone compared with controls (SMD = 1.86; 95% CI: −0.13–3.84; p < 0.001, I2 = 95.0%) (Figure 3A). Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, which appeared relatively asymmetrical, indicating significant publication bias (Figure 3B). Publication bias was assessed using the Egger’s regression test, which showed no possibility of statistically significant publication bias (p > 0.05) (Supplementary Figure 1A). We also performed publication bias assessment using funnel plots, which have slight asymmetrical distributions, indicating publication bias. Subsequently, trim-and-fill method was selected for adjustment, and the funnel plot and statistical results did not change, suggesting that our results was robust (Supplementary Figure 1B). In the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, the removal of individual study did not lead to a significant change in the OR values (Supplementary Figure 1C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the weight loss in catabolic phase in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “SMD” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Chart A is a forest plot showing a meta-analysis of multiple studies with their standard mean differences and confidence intervals. Chart B is a funnel plot displaying the standard error against the effect size, used to assess publication bias. Each dot represents a study’s data point. Weight gain in recovery phase

Complete data on diarrhea were available in 6 studies. Pooled data from these trials demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the weight gain in recovery phase between the treatment and control groups (SMD = 0.58; 95% CI: −1.21–2.38, p < 0.001, I2 = 95.1%) (Figure 4A). The funnel plot showed no evidence of publication bias (Figure 4B), Egger’s regression test’ and trim-and-fill method’ results were not statistically different (p < 0.001) (Supplementary Figures 2A,B). Sensitivity analysis showed no significant change in the result after excluding each study (Supplementary Figure 2C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the weight gain in recovery phase in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “SMD” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Panel A is a forest plot showing the standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals for studies comparing treatment versus control groups. The overall effect size is 0.58. Panel B is a funnel plot illustrating potential publication bias, with effect size on the x-axis and standard error on the y-axis. Lean body mass in recovery phase

The lean body mass in recovery phase was not significantly different between the treatment and control groups in four trials (SMD = 1.30; 95% CI: −0.47–3.24, p < 0.001, I2 = 95.0%) (Figure 5A), The funnel plot (Figure 5B) and Egger’s test (Supplementary Figure 3A) showed no publication bias in these analyses (p for Egger’s test was 0.861). The corrected OR using the trim-and-fill method was 33.38% (95% CI, 24.20–35.15; random-effects model, p < 0.001) (Supplementary Figure 3B). There was no significant change in the pooled 95% CI upon removal of each study (Supplementary Figure 3C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the lean body mass in recovery phas in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “SMD” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Panel A shows a forest plot comparing treatment and control groups across three studies by Demling and Zhang. It presents sample size, mean, standard deviation, and standardized mean difference with confidence intervals. Panel B displays a funnel plot illustrating standard error by effect size for publication bias assessment. Operation times

Meta-analysis of 5 trials showed that the operation times was significantly decreased in the treatment group than in the control group (SMD = −0.69; 95% CI: −1.84–0.46, p < 0.001, I2 = 96.8%) (Figure 6A). The I2 statistic indicated a high heterogeneity among the studies. However, funnel plot (Figure 6B) symmetry and the lack of significant difference in the Egger’s regression test (p = 0.483) (Supplementary Figure 4A) indicated that there was no detectable publication bias (Supplementary Figure 10). Through the results of the trim and fill analysis, it was identified that there was no distinct variation in the estimated value of the pooled effect size, indicating that the impact of publication bias was not evident and the outcomes were quite robust (Supplementary Figure 4B). A sensitivity analysis was conducted, revealing no impactful outliers (Supplementary Figure 4C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the operation times in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “SMD” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Panel A shows a forest plot comparing treatment effects across several studies. Each study is labeled with the author’s name and year of publication. Numerical data include sample sizes, means, standard deviations, standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95 percent confidence intervals, and study weights. Panel B displays a funnel plot with effect sizes on the x-axis and standard errors on the y-axis for assessing publication bias. Dots representing individual studies are dispersed around the vertical line, indicating variability in effect sizes. Healing time of donor area

Data of healing time of donor area was reported in 3 studies. There was no significant difference in healing time of donor area between the treatment and control groups (SMD = −1.48; 95% CI: −2.18–0.77, p = 0.116, I2 = 53.7%) (Figure 7A). There was no significant publication bias in the selected studies, as indicated by funnel plot symmetry and the lack of significant difference in the Egger’s regression test (p = 0.472) (Figure 7A; Supplementary Figure 5A). Trim-and-fill method did not add any new studies to correct possible asymmetry in the funnel plot, and the estimates did not change (Supplementary Figure 5A). Sensitive analysis showed that no single study qualitatively altered the pooled healing time of donor area, providing evidence for the stability of the meta-analysis (Supplementary Figure 5C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the healing time of donor area in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “SMD” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Panel A shows a forest plot comparing treatment and control groups across five studies, with standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The overall effect size is 1.39 with high heterogeneity (I² = 95%). Panel B presents a funnel plot displaying the standard error against effect size, showing some asymmetry, indicating potential publication bias. Length of hospital stay/total body surface area burned

Length of hospital stay/total body surface area burned (LOS/TBSA%) was significantly different between the treatment and control groups (SMD = −1.07; 95% CI: −2.43–0.29, p < 0.001, I2 = 98.1%) (Figure 8A). The funnel plot was partially symmetrical (Figure 8B), and Egger’s regression for funnel plot asymmetry revealed no risk of publication bias (p = 0.318) (Supplementary Figure 6A). Subsequently, we performed a trim and fill analysis, which not added any study, suggesting no existence of overlooked small study (Supplementary Figure 6B). Sensitivity analysis revealed no substantial change in LOS/TBSA% after omitting each of the 5 studies, confirming the stability of the results (Supplementary Figure 6C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the length of hospital stay/total body surface area burned (LOS/TBSA%) in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “SMD” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

A two-part image with a forest plot (A) and a funnel plot (B). The forest plot displays five studies comparing treatment and control groups, showing means, standard deviations, and standardized mean differences. The overall effect size is -1.07. A high heterogeneity is noted (I² = 98.1%, p = 0.000). The funnel plot shows effect size on the x-axis and standard error on the y-axis, with dots representing studies; some scatter is evident. Length of hospital stay

Thirteen studies that reported the length of hospital stay (LOS) in the oxandrolone and control groups were included. Based on the random effects model, the oxandrolone treatment groups showed a significant reduction in LOS compared to the control groups (SMD = −0.55; 95% CI: −1.32–0.22, p < 0.001, I2 = 97.3%) (Figure 9A). Publication bias was checked using a funnel plot (Figure 9B), which was objectively verified using Egger’s regression test (p = 0.425) to confirm that there was no publication bias (Supplementary Figure 7A). The funnel plot appeared symmetric after trim-and-fill analysis of the linear estimator imputed (Supplementary Figure 7B). Sensitivity analysis revealed that the risk was not significantly altered by any of the individual studies (Supplementary Figure 7C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the length of hospital stay (LOS) in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “SMD” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Panel A shows a forest plot comparing treatment and control groups across three studies by Wolf, Jeschke, and Ali, with an overall risk ratio of 0.83 and a confidence interval of 0.67 to 1.02. Panel B depicts a funnel plot with three data points and a symmetrical distribution around the effect size of zero, indicating no publication bias. Side effects

There was no difference in side effects among the oxandrolone and control groups (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 0.68–1.87, p = 0.174, I2 = 28.4%) (Figure 10A). Visual inspection of the funnel plot (Figure 10B) and further evaluation by Egger’s test (Supplementary Figure 8A) indicated no publication bias (p = 0.371). The trim-and-fill analysis (Supplementary Figure 8B) revealed a tiny pre- and post-combined effect size change, thereby indicating a small publication bias and more stable results. The sensitivity analysis results indicated that the meta-analysis results for side effects did not alter when each study was removed in turn and that the findings were robust (Supplementary Figure 8C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the side effects in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “RR” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Image A is a forest plot displaying risk ratios with confidence intervals for various studies labeled by author and year, pertaining to treatment vs. control groups. Image B is a funnel plot showing the relationship between the effect size and the standard error, used to assess publication bias, with data points scattered around the funnel shape. Infection

3 studies revealed no significant difference in infectious complications between the oxandrolone and control groups (RR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.67–1.02, p = 0.639, I2 = 0.0%) (Figure 11A). A funnel plot (Figure 11B) showed that effect sizes were symmetrically distributed around the central dotted line. The results of Egger’s regression test and the trim and fill method indicated no publication bias (Supplementary Figures 9A,B). The leave-one-out sensitivity analysis showed that no single study significantly affected the pooled correlation from the meta-analysis, which indicated the reliability of the findings (Supplementary Figure 9C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the infection in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “RR” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Panel A shows a forest plot analyzing studies comparing treatment and control groups with respective means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals. Panel B presents a funnel plot depicting the standard error of effect size against effect size, with points scattered around a vertical line, suggesting publication bias. Mortality

Forest plot analysis showed no significant mortality reduction with oxandrolone (RR = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.47–2.32, p = 0.013, I2 = 65.5%). The CI crosses the null line (RR = 1), indicating no statistically significant effect, despite the nominal p-value (Figure 12A). Publication bias was suspected by observing the funnel plot (Figure 12B). The result from Egger’s regression test suggested that there were no publication bias (p = 0.628) (Supplementary Figure 10A). Then, we performed the trim-and-fill correction procedure, and the meta-analysis results did not alter. The findings were robust (Supplementary Figure 10B). The pooled results of sensitivity analysis were robust after omitting any of the studies once a time (Supplementary Figure 10C).

Forest plot and funnel plot of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the mortality in burns. (A) Forest plot. The diamond symbol at the bottom of the forest plot represents the overall weighted estimate. (B) Funnel plot. The effect size “RR” is shown on the abscissa, and the inverse of the standard error of the value of the effect size, SE (SMD), is shown on the ordinate. The dots in the figure are the individual studies included.

Panel A shows a forest plot with studies comparing treatment and control groups, detailing risk ratios and confidence intervals. Panel B displays a funnel plot with effect size versus standard error, showing scatter points within a symmetrical triangular area. Discussion

This study presents a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis exploring the efficacy and safety of oxandrolone, representative of androgen analogs in burn treatment. This summary analysis suggests that oxandrolone can effectively mitigate weight loss during the catalytic phase, augment weight gain and lean body mass during the recovery phase, and lessen the number of surgeries and the length of hospital stays. Moreover, the incidence of patient infections or side effects, such as mild liver dysfunction and local tissue edema, parallels that of conventional treatments, indicating the clinical safety of oxandrolone.

Previous research (44) suggests that oxandrolone administration may reduce body mass loss, decrease nitrogen excretion, and expedite healing at donor sites in burn patients; however, these results were hampered by the limited number of included studies, significant publication bias, and inadequate research addressing pediatric patients. Li et al.’s meta-analysis (45), although focused solely on severely burned patients, included fewer participants than our study. Interestingly, despite their findings showing no significant reduction in mortality rate among burn patients receiving oxandrolone relative to the control group, our study suggests that oxandrolone does not affect the mortality during hospitalization. The significant p-value likely reflects heterogeneity (I2 = 65.5%) rather than true efficacy, necessitating re-evaluation of our initial conclusion. When comparing LOS reduction (SMD = −0.55) with Demling et al. (30) (SMD = −1.07), differences may stem from variations in patient age (adults vs. children) and oxandrolone dosing (20 mg/day vs. 0.1 mg/kg). In addition, safety concerns persist: Oxandrolone elevates hepatic transaminases via direct hepatotoxicity and disrupts lipid metabolism by reducing HDL-C. Long-term data (>5 years) on endocrine dysfunction (e.g., HPA axis suppression) remain scarce, warranting vigilance (15, 16).

Thermal injury can instigate complex alterations in metabolism and the immune system, including an often overlooked aspect: severe thermal injury’s significant impact on testicular function, thereby impairing spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion (46). Although no single drug can rectify the multiple defects in the endocrine and immune systems caused by severe burns (47), recent data suggest certain medications such as testosterone, oxandrolone, human recombinant growth hormone, insulin, metformin, and propranolol can enhance the nutritional status of severe burn patients. This includes factors like the net balance of skeletal muscle protein (48), providing effective assistance for treating burn patients in the hypermetabolic phase. Our study, among others, has focused on both the acute hypermetabolic phase of burn injury and the subsequent recovery phase, despite the absence of a clear demarcation between these periods. As one therapeutic strategy to mitigate the hypermetabolic response and associated insulin resistance post-burn, the ability of oxandrolone to increase the body’s protein synthesis may be linked to the upregulation of genes associated with transcription factors, growth factors, and muscle proteins, in addition to the downregulation of phosphatase I inhibitor (49). A previous DNA microarray analysis with oxandrolone revealed modifications in a large number of genes, significantly reducing the expression of various transcription factors and signaling molecules (50). This finding suggests that oxandrolone might also attenuate burn-related inflammation. However, opposing conclusions exist, with a placebo-controlled, randomized trial finding no beneficial impact of oxandrolone on the healing or closure of target pressure ulcers 8 weeks post-treatment (51). Another clinical trial of surgical patients requiring mechanical ventilation found those treated with oxandrolone necessitated a longer duration of ventilation support. This finding accentuates the potential exacerbating impact of oxandrolone on collagen deposition and fibrosis in later stages of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thus prolonging the recovery phase for surgical patients (46). As severe burn patients often present complications like respiratory tract injuries or severe infections requiring mechanical ventilation, determining whether the net benefits of oxandrolone outweigh its potential respiratory harm merits further investigation.

Our study also observed oxandrolone in into the trial are almost as part of a complementary medicine. In the study by Demling et al. (25–28), oxandrolone was combined with high protein, high calorie diet, high protein supplement and/or exercise therapy, Herndon et al. (39) the study was applied in the intervention group oxandrolone joint propranolol treatment, and research such as Chao (41) has combined the advantages of the test in the test group, provides patients with a high protein diet plus exercise + oxandrolone joint naphthalene, comprehensive intervention measures. The other included studies also provided basic burn care protocols for patients, Most of these solutions is a surgical wound repair and care, is given priority to with enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy of nutritional support scheme, physical exercise therapy of comprehensive strategy (47), combined with some drug metabolism after more beneficial to the optimization of muscle mass burn patients, And help them to better restore physical function (48). In addition, there are differences in the dose of oxandrolone administered, and almost always in tablet form (49). In the future, more attention should be paid to the best dosage form of androgen analog in drug research and development to meet the universality and personalization of androgen analog in clinical practice.

This study offers a comprehensive review and analysis of high-quality RCTs, establishing the potential for oxandrolone to improve certain clinical outcomes in patients with burns, while manifesting a moderate safety profile. Nonetheless, the interpretations of the findings should be handled with caution due to the limitations, which include a small sample size, discrepancies in the data extracted, and variance in oxandrolone intervention modalities and doses (50). Future research should deliberate on the microscopic mechanisms underlying the effects of oxandrolone (or drugs with a similar structure) on metabolism and immune function in patients with burns at specific post-injury periods. Such research would provide insights on whether the promising effects observed extend to substantial clinical benefits, as well as elucidating the specific pharmacokinetics of oxandrolone in burn patients, aiding in determining the optimal administration method. Ultimately, the results from this study posit oxandrolone as a potentially valuable addition to existing burn treatments. Nonetheless, applicability to demographics with diverse burn conditions warrants further exploration.

 Conclusion

Androgen analog oxandrolone supplementation plays a beneficial role in burn patients and presents a novel approach to the management of burns. This systematic review and meta-analysis supports the potential role of oxandrolone in reducing the weight loss in catabolic phase and operation times, as well as the LOS/TBSA%, LOS, and it also can increase weight gain in recovery phase and lean body mass in recovery phase in burn patients.

 Data availability statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

 Author contributions

JiaL: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. ZX: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. XZ: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. NH: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. JilL: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. GJ: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. YF: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. SC: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

 Funding

The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. This work was supported by the HwaMei Reasearch Foundation of the Ningbo No. 2 Hospital (Grant No. 2022HMKY48 and No. 2023HMZD07), the Medical Scientific Reasearch Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2021KY1004, No. 2023RC081, No. 2025KY1395 and No. 2022KY1134), the Project of NINGBO Leading Medical & Health Discipline (2022-F17), the Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program (No. 2023030615), the Zhejiang Clinovation Pride (CXTD202502004), Research and development of efficient hemostatic materials (2024001), the Zhu Xiu Shan Talent Project of Ningbo No. 2 Hospital (Project Number: 2023HMYQ25), and the Ningbo Health Youth Technical Backbone Talent Development Program (2025QNJS-12 and 2025JSPT-32). Funders played no role in the study design, execution or manuscript writing.

 Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

 Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

 Supplementary material

The Supplementary material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1485474/full#supplementary-material

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the weight loss in catabolic phase in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the weight gain in recovery phase in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the lean body mass in recovery phase in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the operation times in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the healing time of donor area in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the length of hospital stay/total body surface area burned (LOS/TBSA%) in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the length of hospital stay (LOS) in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the side effects in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the infection in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

The results of Egger’s regression test, trim and fill method and sensitivity analysis of the meta-analysis illustrating the overall weighted effect size of androgen analog versus control on the mortality in burns. (A) Result of Egger’s regression test. (B) Result of the trim and fill method. (C) Result of sensitivity analysis.

 Abbreviations

RCT, Randomized controlled trials; LOS/TBSA%, Length of hospital stay/total body surface area burned; LOS, Length of hospital stay; ND, Nandrolone decanoate; ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; RR, Relative risk; SMD, Standardized mean difference; CI, Confidence interval.

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