AUTHOR=Quintero-Arias Leider , Ruiz-Diaz Carlos Mauricio , Gómez-Camperos July A. , Rodriguez Oscar M. H. , Pardo-Garcia Aldo 
  
TITLE=Application of Transformer neural networks for the classification of two-phase oil–water flow patterns in horizontal pipelines
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering
  
VOLUME=Volume 11 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/mechanical-engineering/articles/10.3389/fmech.2025.1710934
  
DOI=10.3389/fmech.2025.1710934
  
ISSN=2297-3079
  
ABSTRACT=The identification of flow patterns in multiphase systems is crucial in hydrocarbon production engineering, as they determine the behavior of crude oil transport through pipelines and flowlines in oil fields. Proper classification of these patterns contributes to improved hydraulic design, optimal selection of separation equipment, and effective field operation strategies. This study proposes a model based on a Transformer neural network for identifying flow patterns in two-phase liquid–liquid (water–oil) systems in horizontal pipelines. A database containing 2,146 data points was used, including variables such as pipe diameter, mixture velocity, superficial velocities of each phase, and oil viscosity. The results show excellent model performance, with accuracies of 95.55% during training, 91.28% in validation, and 90% in the final test. These findings demonstrate the model’s ability to capture complex relationships between hydrodynamic variables and flow topologies, making it a promising alternative tool for the analysis, monitoring, and optimization of multiphase transport in the oil industry.