This article was submitted to Biomaterial a section of the journal Frontiers in Materials
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Nowadays, replacement of soft and hard tissues is frequently required due to trauma, diseases, congenital defects, cancer, etc. to improve quality of life of human beings. In the case of these types of implants for orthopaedic and dental applications may fail due to different reasons such as bone resorption associated with stress-shielding phenomena, deficient osseointegration because of interfacial problems and/or inappropriate design. How to overcome these limitations is challenging and different solutions are reported by researchers.
Porous biomaterials are extensively used for a huge variety of biomedical applications as they can exhibit similar mechanical properties to the tissues to be replaced and/or the provision of spaces for tissue ingrowth, exchange of nutriments and waste products, cell compartmentalization and development of complex structures. In this regard, the use of natural of synthetic polymers for the development of biomaterials or coatings is increasing, such as elastin-like polypeptides and their recombinant thanks to the possibility to be controlled at molecular level. Besides, the combination of them allows designing the suitable structure and properties to support the attachment and activities of cell types (
The use of fibrous scaffolds based on biodegradable and biocompatible materials is also a potential solution since those fabricated by electronspun allow the anchorage, differentiation and proliferation of RIN-M beta cells (
Furthermore, the proliferation of bacteria on implants needs also to be considered since it is also one of the reasons for tissue replacement failure. Therefore, the possibility of using scaffolds with antibacterial properties is a great advantage.
Tissue replacement can also be related to a particular cause such a diabetes. In such cases, effective bone tissue therapies are needed. Thus,
From these results, it is evident that the development of a porous structure in biomaterials is a desirable property. When the resulting porous structure is further surface functionalized a better performance is achieved not only for soft tissue replacement but also for bone and teeth substitutes. The proper balance between macro, micro, and nanoporosity will render not only mechanical matching with the native tissue to be replaced but also a suitable milieu for cell adhesion and proliferation. Further improvements need to be pursued to obtain hierarchical materials where one type of functionalization will facilitate cell attachment while other functionalization will provide antibacterial properties while simultaneously releasing bioactive compounds.
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