To identify the locality of the deepest point, the Java Trench was surveyed with a high-precision, full ocean depth rated 1° x 2° Kongsberg EM 124 multibeam echosounder (MBES) on a hull-mounted gondola fixed ∼20 m from the ship’s bow (Bongiovanni et al., 2021). The MBES had a nominal frequency of 12 kHz, with an operating frequency of 10.5–13.5 kHz. Lockheed Martin/Sippican T-5 expendable bathythermographs (XBTs), depth and temperature accuracies of + 2% and + 0.1°C, respectively, were used to collect depth and temperature data in the upper 1,800 m of water column. In addition to the XBT data, the submersible and supporting landers were each equipped with CTD probes (SBE 49 FastCAT; SeaBird Electronics, Bellevue, WA) that during both the descent and ascent recorded salinity, temperature and depth profiles. These data were used to calculate full-ocean sound velocity profiles for the EM 124 MBES and to validate the submersible dive depths.

The submersible used was the Deep Submergence Vehicle (DSV) Limiting Factor (Triton 36,000/2, Triton Submarines LLC, United States; Jamieson et al., 2019; Figure 1), rated to full-ocean depth and capable of carrying a pilot and a scientific observer. The seafloor and faunal imagery was recorded using four externally mounted HD video cameras (IP Multi SeaCam 3105; Deep Sea Power and Light, San Diego, CA), illuminated by ten 15,500 lumen LED lights (LED-1153-A3-SUS; Teledyne Bowtech, Aberdeen, United Kingdom). The submersible was piloted manually and aimed to keep a steady altitude of 2 m off the seafloor. The system did not have an accurate underwater navigation system, and thus continuous positioning data was not recorded. Therefore, locations are estimated based on depth from twin CTD probes (SBE 49 FastCAT, SeaBird Electronics, US), with reference to rendezvous positions with three free-fall autonomous landers (hadal-landers), Skaff, Flere, and Closp, that were static and triangulated acoustically from the surface vessel DSSV Pressure Drop and support boat Learned Response, prior to the submersible dive.

In addition to providing fixed navigation points for the submersible, the three identical hadal-landers were also used to deliver baited cameras and CTDs to the study sites (Jamieson et al., 2019). These landers each had a high-definition video camera (IP Multi SeaCam 3105; Deep Sea Power and Light, San Diego, CA) positioned horizontally, 30 cm off the seafloor, with the field-of-view centered on the bait that protruded 1 m from the lander and supported the bait (mackerel; Scomber sp.). The cameras were set to record continuously with scene illumination provided by single LED lamps (LED SeaLite; Deep Sea Power and Light, San Diego, CA). These data were used to further assess the seafloor habitat substrate and provide additional information on local biodiversity.

The Java Trench is formed as the Indo-Australian Plate subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate, at a rate of 73 ± 0.8 mm yr^–1 decreasing in velocity eastward to 60 ± 0.4 mm yr^–1 (DeMets et al., 2010; Figure 2). The ∼3,200 km long trench axis descends to depths of > 7,100 m (Stewart and Jamieson, 2019), culminating in the deepest depression at 11.129° S/114.942° E at a depth of 7,192 ± 5 m (Bongiovanni et al., 2021). The area of the trench > 6,000 m is estimated to be 22,689 km² (Stewart and Jamieson, 2018). Along with the neighboring Banda Trench (or Weber Basin), the Java Trench underlies a highly productive biogeochemical province, the Sunda-Arafura Sea Coastal province (SUND), with an estimated primary production rate of 328 g C m^–2 yr^–1 (Longhurst, 2007).

The 5-day diving operation consisted of seven deployments of the hadal-landers two dives with the submersible, of which one was for scientific research (Table 1). Prior to the dive, the hadal-lander Skaff was deployed to the deepest point to derive seawater density in order to properly ballast the submersible. The scientific dive described in this study, was a ∼2.5 h transect from the deepest point of the trench and heading northwest up a steep, near-vertical slope ∼150 m high before crossing a relatively flat plateau to cover as many potentially different habitats as possible in one dive. During this dive the seafloor was visible for 1 h and 56 min. The hadal-landers were deployed to sample discreet depth zones as well as the start and end of submersible transects and were selected based on the high-resolution bathymetric survey data. The submersible transect was performed at a relatively constant speed and altitude, but as the submersible did not have an auto-pilot feature the speed and altitude varied throughout the dive. We estimate a mean speed of 20 m.min^–1 on flat terrain with a horizontal field of view of the camera of 3 m, and 10 m.min^–1 on vertical terrains, although in the latter, navigating and obstacle avoidance during the vertical ascent resulted in a highly variable speed. We estimate the distance traversed on the trench floor was 0.4 km and on the plateau was 0.9 km. While the height of the near-vertical slope was 150 m, due to periods of lateral survey and intense obstacle avoidance it is estimated the submersible track length was ∼500 m from the bottom to the top of the slope.

As the submersible lacked real-time positioning or recording of over ground speed, the density of benthic organisms was only estimated, and should be taken as indicative and not quantitative. On flat terrain, the density of common species (Ind.km^–2) was calculated assuming the 3 m wide field of view at a speed of 20 m.min^–1. On vertical ascents, the field of view remained ∼3 m but the distance traveled used was the height of the ascent at the slower speed of 10 m.min^–1.

Beyond 2,000 m deep, the salinity of the Java Trench remained constant at 34.7 to the maximum water depths encountered (Figure 3). The temperature decreased from 30°C at the surface to ∼5°C at 1,000 m, 2.5°C at 2,000 m reaching a temperature minimum of 1.18°C at ∼4,250 m. Thereafter, the temperature increased to 1.54°C at the deepest point (7,192 m), consistent with adiabatic heating. The near-bottom temperatures of the hadal-lander sites increased to 1.34°C at the shallowest site (5,760 m), and 1.54°C at the deepest two sites (Table 1).

The hadal-landers showed that the substrates on the slopes of the Java Trench were comprised of poorly sorted substrate, featuring a fine-grained matrix with irregularly shaped gravel and cobble sized material (Figure 4). The sediment did, however, get progressively softer with depth as indicated by the position of the bait arm on the landers. From 5,760 to 6,737 m, the bait arm settled ∼3 cm above the seafloor, whereas from 6,957 to 7,176 m, the bait arm was either partially embedded or completely buried in sediment, as in the case of the 7,168 m site. No obvious current indicators such as scour, lineations or sediment tails are observed from the lander footage.

The submersible transect revealed six broad habitat classes (Table 2 and Figure 5). Beginning at the deepest point of the Java Trench, observed substrates comprised fine-grained sediment (Habitat 1) with abundant lebenspurren and no obvious indications of bottom-current activity (see “trench axis” Figure 4). Overall the ∼150 m high near-vertical escarpment, or wall (Figure 2C), comprises sections of exposed bedrock with associated talus deposits at the base of those terraces. Observations from the submersible footage suggests that vertical cliff sections and extensive talus deposits are ubiquitous in the lower slope habitat (Habitat 3 and 4, see “lower slope” Figure 4), compared to the upper slope where a decrease in overall slope angle results in comparatively shorter vertical sections of bedrock outcrop, more localized talus deposits and larger fine-grained sediment pockets (Habitat 5 and 6, see “upper slope” Figure 4). The submersible transect ended on a relatively flat plateau also comprising fine-grained sediments (Habitat 1, see “plateau” Figure 4) with conspicuously fewer lebenspurren observed than the trench axis.

Evidence of active erosion was first encountered at the base of the near-vertical fault escarpment, characterized by angular talus blocks and rubble piles (Figure 6A). Larger talus deposits were observed 34 times during the transect up the ∼150 m escarpment including tabular-shaped boulders (Figure 6B) likely indicative of a short transport distance. Block failure where discontinuity orientation is likely a controlling factor, creating planes of structural weakness within the rock mass, has resulted in repeated rock slope failure (Figures 6C–I). Although the exact dip and strike of joint sets cannot be ascertained from the submersible footage, it appears that they dip out of the face of the rock wall (e.g., Figures 6F,H,I) with wedge block failures exposing discontinuous bedrock ledges exhibiting “saw tooth” profiles (Figures 6C–E). The resultant angular detachment blocks form the localized talus deposits described herein. From the submersible footage alone, it is not possible to conclusively state whether the talus blocks were deposited during one catastrophic failure event or are the result of continued (and possibly ongoing) individual failure incidents.

Toward the top of the slope, as it began to plateau onto a flatter plain (Figure 5B), the submersible inadvertently maneuvered underneath an overhang, a few meters deep, recessed into the otherwise steep incline with associated talus deposit clearly visible (Figure 6G). At the very top of the slope, there was a broad reduction in slope angle of the overall escarpment resulting in smaller bedrock exposures and a reduction in the amount of talus deposited locally. Observation suggests a change in the structure of the bedrock resulting in thinner stratification of exposed surfaces with burrows in softer layers and possible chemosynthetic deposits following the bedrock structure (Figure 7F).

During the ascent of the slope, there were 36 observations of potential chemosynthetic deposits (Figure 7). These deposits were orange, yellow, and white in color and exploited structural weaknesses in the bedrock and around talus blocks. No obvious metazoan organisms were associated with these deposits.

Litter was seen through the trench axis, slope, and plateau. Notably, between the 210 m traveled from the trench axis to the base of the slope, 13 items were seen. The items seen ranged from floating plastic bags to unidentified plastic, some possibly metal, manmade objects embedded on the sediment. Similar items were seen on the plateau and slope with reducing density, respectively. On the trench axis, two wooden branches and half a coconut shell were observed on the seafloor.

The rear of the recess in the overhang was populated by hexactinellid sponges, possibly in the subclass Hexasterophora (Figure 8). The hexactinellid sponges numbered more than 100 individuals, but their spatial extent could not be determined.

As the submersible traversed the fine-grained trench floor during the first 20 min of the dive, four holothurian species (order Elasipodida) were seen (Figures 9A–D, 10A,B). The two most abundant species were Amperima cf. naresi (Théel, 1882) and Elpidia cf. sundensis Hansen, 1956. The estimated density of A.cf. naresi at the trench axis was 7.0 Ind.km^–2 whereas E. cf. sundensis was 14 Ind.km^–2. A third species, Psychropotes sp., was seen three times within the trench axis (2.6 Ind.km^–2) (Figure 9D). On the upper plateau, a single Enypniastes sp. was seen swimming near the seafloor (Figure 9C) and one individual of A. cf. naresi (Figure 9A). Apart from these two individuals, no holothurians were observed on the plateau or the slope.

Three classes of echinoderms were observed, namely ophiuroids or brittle stars (Ophiuroidea), asteroids or sea stars (Asteroidea), and crinoids or feather stars (Crinoidea). Ninety-eight unidentified ophiuroids (Ophiuroid sp. 1) were seen on the seafloor of the trench axis (Figure 9J), giving an estimated density of 86 Ind.km^–2. The ophiuroids were distributed with increasing density with proximity to the base of the slope. On the slope itself, they were seen in a small clusters associated with fine grained sediment pockets observed among the talus and bedrock outcrops, but were generally not present on the slope. Across the plateau, the ophiuroid density decreased to 21.9 Ind.km^–2. Two individuals of a second species (ophiuroid sp. 2) were observed at the hadal-lander site at 6,146 m depth (Figure 9Q). No asteroids, Hymenaster sp., were observed within the trench axis or on the plateau (Figure 9I), but rather were only found attached to talus blocks on the near-vertical escarpment (Figure 10C). Thirty-two asteroids were seen on the slope, an estimated density of ∼53.3 Ind.km^–2. Fragile and almost transparent crinoids of an unknown family were occasionally seen within talus deposits (Figure 9K). Another species of crinoid, resembling the family Bathycrinidae, was seen at 6,439 m by the hadal-lander (Figure 9M).

Two unidentified species of sea anemones (Actiniaria) were seen attached to variously sized talus blocks present only on the near-vertical escarpment. The first observed anemone species, aff. Galatheanthemum (Galatheanthemidae), was seen 55 times (density estimate of 91.7 Ind.km^–2), with the highest density toward the base of the slope (Figures 9F, 10D). A second species, aff. Bathyphellia (Bathyphelliidae), was observed 140 times during the ∼150 m ascent up the slope, with an estimated density of 233.3 Ind.km^–2 (Figure 9G).

Several polychaetes belonging to the family Polynoidae, aff. Macellicephaloides, were seen within the fine-grained sediment of the trench axis (Figure 9L).

The hadal-landers also recorded the peracarid crustacean orders Isopoda, Mysida and Amphipoda. Two munnopsid isopods (Munnopsidae) were seen near the base of the slope, and five were seen on the plateau (Figure 9E). Individuals were also recorded present at 6,439, 6,737, and 6,957 m by the hadal-landers. Mysida and Amphipoda, were seen swimming and feeding on the bait. The mysid, aff. Amblyops sp., was seen at stations deployed at 5,760 and 7,176 m depth (Figure 9R). Four medium to large-sized species of amphipods were identifiable, specifically Alicella gigantea Chevreux, 1899 between 6,957 and 7,176 m (Figure 9N), aff. Princaxelia (Pardaliscidae) between 5,760 and 6,957 m (Figure 9S), Bathycallisoma schellenbergi (Birstein and Vinogradov, 1958) between 6,957 and 7,176 m (Figure 9O), and an unidentified species in the family Stegocephalidae between 6,957 and 7,176 m (Figure 9P) depth.

Perhaps the most obscure observation was of a stalked ascidian tunicate, aff. Culeolus sp., that had become uncoupled from the seafloor, and drifted passed the hadal-lander at 6,430 m depth (Figure 9T).

The landers also recorded some additional mobile fauna that are presented in separate studies, specifically decapods (Swan et al., 2021), cirrate octopus Grimpoteuthis sp. (Jamieson and Vecchione, 2020), larvaceans (Jamieson and Linley, 2021), and fish comprising seven Ophidiidae species, one Ateleopodidae species and one liparid species (Jamieson et al., 2021). Only the liparids were seen during the submersible dive with one individual at the base of the slope, one individual near the top of the slope, and four individuals on the plateau (Figure 9H).

The Java Trench is also unique in that it is the only large, hadal subduction trench in the Indian Ocean. The geographically closest hadal trench is the Banda Trench (or Weber Basin), however, these two trenches are separated by the Savu and Timor seas and the Islands of eastern Indonesia and Timor which form physical barriers to connectivity. While there are vast expanses of seafloor between 6,000 and 6,500 m deep to the south of the Java Trench, within the Wharton Basin and the Wallaby-Zenith and Diamantina fracture zones, overall the hadal communities are largely restricted to the East Indian Ocean, separated from the latitudinally expansive trench systems of the Western Pacific by Indonesia and the Australian continent. Nonetheless, the benthic fauna of the Java Trench exhibit many similarities to those known from other trenches, such as the prevalence of the holothurians within the trench axis (Wolff, 1960), particularly of the family Elpididae (Jamieson et al., 2011) and the presence of crinoids (Oji et al., 2009), polynoid polychaetes (Paterson et al., 2009), munnopsid isopods (Jamieson et al., 2012a), amphipods of the Scopelocheridae, Alicellidae, and Pardaliscidae families (Jamieson et al., 2012b,2013; Lacey et al., 2018; respectively). Bathycallisoma schellenbergi has been known from the Java Trench as it was sampled by historical expeditions and also from hadal depths of the Wallaby-Zenith Fracture Zone to the south (Weston et al., 2021). Alicellea gigantea is known to be present at abyssal depths of the Wallaby-Zenith Fracture Zone, and this study extends its already expansive multi-oceanic distribution into the hadal depths of the Indian Ocean (Jamieson et al., 2013; Weston et al., 2021). The predatory amphipods of the genus Princaxelia, while seemingly rare, are recorded elsewhere at hadal depths (Jamieson et al., 2012b), and this study also extends their distribution to the Indian Ocean. The Stegocephalidae amphipod is the first record of it visiting a baited lander deployed at hadal depths. These individuals were large, similar in length to B. schellenbergi or Eurythenes spp., however, they had a different and distinctive swimming pattern. One noticeable absence to the hadal amphipod community were Hirondellea spp., however, no species of this genus were found at the Wallaby-Zenith Fracture Zone (Weston et al., 2021), thus suggesting a curious absence from hadal depths of the Indian Ocean.

By collating all known records of hadal fauna from the Java Trench with the records from this study (Supplementary Table 1), the trench community is now represented by 10 phyla, 21 classes, 34 orders and 55 families. The exact number of genera and species is more difficult to resolve as the two main sources of data are video-derived from this study and from trawl samples taken nearly six decades earlier, many of which were not identified to species level. Thus, there are little visual records of the specimens in which to compare. There are, however, 78 records of > 70 putative species. Of these records, 27% were derived from this study, and 44% if combined with the other published results from the same 5-day expedition (Jamieson and Vecchione, 2020; Jamieson et al., 2021; Jamieson and Linley, 2021; Swan et al., 2021).

There are two observable patterns relating to the species distribution and the heterogeneity of habitats. The sudden, rather drastic shift between the flat and soft fine-grained sediments of the trench floor to the harder, more complex and steeper sides of the slope resulted in a sudden shift between the holothurian and ophiuroid community on the trench floor to one comprised of actiniarians and asteroids on the slopes (Figure 10). On the flatter and relatively soft plateau, the benthic community returns to the former, albeit in fewer numbers. Indeed, the observable numbers of holothurians are greater at the trench floor than on the plateau, and the numbers of actiniarians also increases toward the base of the slope, suggesting better feeding conditions toward the deeper trench floor. The presence of fine-grained sediment with apparent low shear strength, appearing ‘softer’ with depth, as visually observed by the hadal-landers (Figure 4), and between the plateau and trench axis, as observed by the submersible, are thought to be typical of trench settings as seismic and gravitational forces redistribute sediment toward the trench axis (Oguri et al., 2013; Ichino et al., 2015). This sediment transport process is called “trench resource accumulation depth” (TRAD; Jamieson et al., 2010), and thought to redistribute particulate organic matter by drawing from the upper slopes and accumulating toward the trench axis, thus it coincides with the deepest point of a given trench, regardless of actual depth.

The Java Trench is a comparatively shallow subduction trench (defined as < 8,000 m, Stewart and Jamieson, 2018), which provides the opportunity to compare fauna distribution patterns based on the TRAD. In the Java Trench, the TRAD coincides with groups that are bio-chemically limited to depths < 8,000 m, such as the ophiuroids and asteroids, that are typically absent from the TRADs of deeper trenches (e.g., the Mariana Trench; Jamieson, 2015). In this setting, ophiuroids and asteroids were observed in relatively high numbers compared to other similar studies, such as the Puerto Rico Trench (Jamieson et al., 2020), where they may be opportunistically exploiting the shallower TRAD (Figure 9). The high densities of ophiuroids may also be elevated by the unsuitable habitats on the steep escarpment that may be limiting their distribution up the forearc. Conversely, the complex talus deposits of the forearc were utilized by the asteroids and two species of actiniarians. Given the pronounced presence of actiniaria and asteroids on the harder substrates, we hypothesize that on the opposite slope (the underriding plate), where there is generally a thicker sediment drape and perhaps fewer areas of bedrock outcrop present on the subducting abyssal plain, these species are likely to be either absent or far less abundant.

Habitat heterogeneity drives the distribution of species, and in the Java Trench there may be contrasting species diversity and biomass depending on whether the underriding or overriding flank of the trench is being assessed, regardless of water depth. Furthermore, the dense aggregation of hexactinellid sponges underneath the overhang highlights how the habitat heterogeneity influences patchy species distribution. This example of habitat heterogeneity coupled with the complex substrate, three-dimensional structure, and topography observed in this study could only have been realized using a hadal-rated exploratory vehicle and not with free-falling vehicles or towed sampling gear.

Perhaps the most significant finding from this study is the visual record of the vertical to near vertical bend-related fault escarpment on the forearc. The observations of the putative chemosynthetic bacterial mats on this steep slope show how prevalent and significant this phenomenon might be along all forearc settings, as suggested by Blankenship-Williams and Levin (2009). Interestingly, here we observed 36 bacterial mats in what is estimated to be a 500 m long survey track of a 150 m high portion of the deepest fault escarpment in this trench (Figures 5B, 7). Chemosynthetic communities are typically used as indicators of fluid flow, and their tentative association with structural weaknesses in the bedrock mass reported here, are suggestive of fluid discharge exploiting these pathways. Whether these bacterial mats also occur on more benign sections of the forearc or are limited to these structurally complex escarpments remains unresolved.

In the absence of targeted sediment cores, we are unable to confirm the presence of metazoan organisms associated with the observed chemosynthetic deposits, it is simply more accurate to state that there were no associated organisms visible to the camera. Nonetheless, listed within the trawl specimens from the RV Vitjaz expeditions (Belyaev, 1989) were records of Vesicomyidae (Bivalvia), Thyasiridae (Bivalvia), and Siboglinidae (Annelida) which are all typically associated with chemosynthetic deep-sea environments.

The bivalve family Vesicomyidae, are a morphologically diverse, widely distributed, and commonly associated with hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps (Ruelas-Inzunza et al., 2003; Krylova et al., 2015). Vesicomyidae are also common at abyssal and hadal depths (Knudsen, 1970; Belyaev, 1989). Their association with chemosynthesis was, however, recently questioned by Krylova et al. (2018) who did not detect chemosynthetically fixed carbon in the Vesicomya species nor evidence of symbiotic lifestyles, but found that Vesicomya possesses a functional gut that is often filled with detritus-like particles, more indicative of detritivory. Indeed, Belyaev (1989) noticed a prevalence of Vesicomyidae in locations near constant coastal derived organic matter suspended in the near-bottom waters, a trend also indicated by Krylova and Sahling (2010), therefore the presence of Vesicomyidae are likely not indicative of chemosynthesis. The family Thyasiridae is also known from vents, seeps and locations associated with organic enrichment (Keuning et al., 2011) and several species are nutritionally dependent on chemoautotrophic bacteria (Dando and Spiro, 1993). Likewise, Sclerolinum, a small genus of Siboglinidae, has an obligate mutualistic association with thiotrophic (sulfur-oxidizing) bacteria (Eichinger et al., 2013). The Sclerolinum genus is known from many deep-sea settings, found living either on decaying organic materials like sunken wood and sulfidic sediments (Ivanov and Selivanova, 1992; Smirnov, 2000) or hydrothermal vents and cold seeps (Lazar et al., 2010; Pedersen et al., 2010). Thus, it is not surprising to have records of these families in the Java Trench given the high surface primary production, and the presence of wood debris found in this study with the apparent abundance of bacterial mats likely associated with sulfur and other elements.

While this study provides a visual indication of an abundance of potentially chemosynthetic bacterial mats, and the sample records from the RV Vityaz expeditions provide an indication of multiple chemosynthetic-associated species, it does appear likely that chemosynthesis may be prevalent in the Java Trench. This adds support to the hypotheses of Blankenship-Williams and Levin (2009) and Hand et al. (2020) that this phenomenon may occur in all or most trenches and may be a key part of the hadal food web, as indicated by Tokuda et al. (2020). The next steps would be to return with the submersible to survey a greater area of seafloor on a variety of geomorphological and geological features with varyingly complex topographies to assess the prevalence of these putative chemosynthetic communities. Direct sampling of these deposits for chemical characterization and epifaunal collection for food web modeling would also be required to establish the significance of chemosynthesis in the Java Trench, and ultimately its prevalence in hadal ecosystems.

Sampling at hadal depths is typically limited to free fall landers positioned statically on relatively flat seafloor, or historically, trawling that typically targets large areas of relatively flat unobstructed seafloor. The submersible transect, notwithstanding limitations in space and time, provided unexpected insight into how the habitat can rapidly change over a comparatively small distance and in turn alter the benthic biodiversity. By introducing this new technology to these largely unexplored depths within an ocean with a historical paucity of deep-sea research, it was perhaps inevitable that this study would produce such a diverse set of discoveries in just 5 days.

In the 70 years between the ground-breaking expeditions of the Vityaz and Galathea visits to the Java Trench, the Five Deeps Expedition provided the first visual imagery of the hadal benthic fauna across complex topography at the deepest point of the Indian Ocean. Therein, we recorded multiple new depth and geographical distribution records spanning several taxa, as well as very rare observations such as the first hadal cephalopod, the stalked ascidian and the colony of hexactinellid sponges recessed into the forearc. Furthermore, structural weaknesses in the bedrock mass, that result in repeated rock slope failure and development of extensive talus deposits, appear to also form permeable conduits for fluid discharge that support putative chemosynthetic communities. Being able to freely explore such complex terrain and observe the distribution of species in relation to habitat type provides valuable insight into the natural order of the hadal ecosystem. This in turn can steer the first steps toward more hypothesis driven, and less exploratory driven, science at full ocean depth via targeted sampling with the submersible. These next steps should also bridge the gap between this type of observational research and the taxonomic work derived from the 1950s trawl campaigns (coupled with modern molecular taxonomy), to lift the quality of research from the hadal zone closer to that of its shallower counterparts.