AUTHOR=Reguzova Alena , Haug Verena , Müller Melanie , Fandrich Madeleine , Dulovic Alex , Amann Ralf 

TITLE=Heterologous ORFV–Ad26 vaccination broadens antibody breadth and amplifies cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 spike

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1715442

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1715442

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=The durability of vaccine-induced immunity is often limited by waning responses, antigenic drift, and anti-vector immunity, highlighting the need for innovative vaccination strategies. Heterologous prime–boost approaches can help overcome these barriers by exploiting the complementary strengths of distinct platforms. Here, we evaluated a replication-deficient Orf virus-based spike vaccine (ORFV-S) in combination with the licensed Ad26 vector vaccine Jcovden (Ad26.COV2.S), using SARS-CoV-2 model. In a clinically aligned intramuscular immunogenicity screen in mice, Jcovden induced strong early anti-spike antibody responses but showed limited boostability, whereas ORFV-S was highly boost-responsive. Mixed regimens outperformed both homologous schedules. ORFV-S prime followed by Jcovden boost elicited the highest spike-binding antibody titers and vigorous CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses with a dominant Th1 profile. In the reverse regimen, ORFV-S boost improved inhibition across multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, including immune-evasive strains and indicated qualitative improvements in the response breadth. Together, these findings suggest that sequence-dependent effects allow heterologous schedules to emphasize either cellular or humoral arms of the adaptive response.