AUTHOR=Xiao Guanglin , Deng Zhiling , Qiu Ke , Li Aoyi , Yi Xingyue , Ren Hong 

TITLE=Identification of glycolysis-related clusters and immune cell infiltration in hepatic fibrosis progression using machine learning models and experimental validation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1684937

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1684937

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=ObjectivesAlthough glycolytic reprogramming constitutes a fundamental driver of hepatic fibrosis (HF), its precise mechanistic contributions remain incompletely characterized. This investigation systematically identified molecular signatures of glycolysis-related genes (GRGs) in HF. We further developed a glycolytic activity-based model for HF risk stratification.MethodsIntegrated analysis of GEO datasets (GSE276114, GSE84044, GSE49541) identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with HF progression. Integrated weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) with six machine learning algorithms to identify core GRGs genes associated with HF progression, and systematically characterized their biological functions and immunoregulatory roles through immune infiltration assessment, functional enrichment, consensus clustering, and single-cell differential state analysis. Glycolytic activity was evaluated in CCl4-induced fibrotic mice and TGF-β-stimulated LX-2 cells. Additionally, the expression of core GRGs was validated using immunohistochemical staining and RT-qPCR.ResultsThrough the intersection of WGCNA, DEGs, and GRGs, machine learning identified six core GRGs: B3GNT3, CHST4, DCN, GPC3, SOX9, and VCAN. Based on the core GRGs, three GRG-based molecular subtypes were defined. Cluster C, with higher expression of the core GRGs, exhibited significantly enhanced immune infiltration, particularly of adaptive immune cells compared to Cluster A and B. Cluster C comprised a mixed landscape of T cells, mast cells, and pro-fibrogenic cells, distinct from the innate immune-dominant profiles of Clusters A and B. Both in vivo and in vitro analyses demonstrated enhanced glycolysis in fibrotic progression, accompanied by consistent upregulation of core GRGs.ConclusionsGlycolytic reprogramming is a key pathogenic driver in HF progression and associated immune infiltration. Investigating this metabolic-immune dysregulation represents a promising therapeutic focus for progression of HF.