AUTHOR=Mendes-Frias Ana , Viana da Costa Alexandra , Salazar Filomena , Braga Ana , Silvestre Ricardo , Relvas Marta 

TITLE=Effect of type 1 diabetes on the inflammatory response in periodontal disease

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1683219

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1683219

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=IntroductionType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasing globally and represents a significant public health concern. Periodontitis affects about 11% of the global population, particularly in its severe forms, and is 1.5 to 2 times more prevalent in individuals with poorly controlled T1DM. Both conditions are multifactorial, chronic, and inflammatory, sharing a bidirectional relationship: T1DM accelerates the onset and progression of periodontitis, while periodontal inflammation worsens glycemic control.MethodsThis observational case-control study included adults with T1DM and metabolically healthy controls, stratified by periodontal status: healthy, gingivitis, or periodontitis. Cytokine profiles were assessed in both saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to characterize the oral immune response.ResultsSignificant associations were observed between T1DM and both the extent and severity of periodontal disease. T1DM patients with gingivitis exhibited increased bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD), with BOP remaining significantly elevated in those with periodontitis. GCF analysis revealed a dysregulated immune profile in T1DM patients, characterized by elevated IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-17A, and reduced levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-12p70 and IP-10. The salivary cytokine profile generally mirrored GCF findings, with higher IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations and strong correlations with key pro-inflammatory cytokines.DiscussionSalivary IL-8 emerged as the most promising biomarker for distinguishing periodontal status in T1DM patients. Overall, these findings highlight the clinical potential of salivary immune profiling as a non-invasive tool for monitoring periodontal inflammation and assessing disease activity in individuals with T1DM.