AUTHOR=Thayanantham Piremiya , Kalin-Hajdu Evan , Dufresne Simon , Dufresne Philippe J. , Viau-Lapointe Julien , Tremblay Jan-Alexis 

TITLE=Immune-modulating therapy with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in refractory rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis – a case report

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1620545

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2025.1620545

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=This report outlines the case of a woman with rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis following diabetic ketoacidosis, refractory to systemic and local antifungal treatment as well as repeated extensive sinonasal debridement. Adjunctive Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) therapy was associated with significant clinical improvement. This treatment restored visual acuity, and the excellent outcomes were maintained at the 24-month follow-up. This is the first report of successful use of a short course (5 days) of GM-CSF for refractory rhino-orbital cerebral mucormycosis in an adult patient after diabetic ketoacidosis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this pragmatic approach.