AUTHOR=Huang Lixing , Qiao Ying , Xu Wei , Gong Linfeng , He Rongchao , Qi Weilu , Gao Qiancheng , Cai Hongyan , Grossart Hans-Peter , Yan Qingpi 

TITLE=Full-Length Transcriptome: A Reliable Alternative for Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis in the Spleen of Teleost Without Reference Genome

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Immunology

VOLUME=Volume 12 - 2021

YEAR=2021

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.737332

DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2021.737332

ISSN=1664-3224

ABSTRACT=Fish is considered as a supreme model for clarifying the evolution and regulatory mechanism of vertebrate immunity. However, the knowledge of distinct immune cell populations in fish is still limited, and further development of techniques advancing the identification of fish immune cell populations and their functions are required. Single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) has provided a new approach for effective in-depth identification and characterization of cell subpopulations. Current approaches for scRNA-seq data analysis usually rely on comparison with a reference genome and hence are not suited for samples without any reference genome, which is currently very common in fish research. Here, we present an alternative, i.e. scRNA-seq data analysis with a full-length transcriptome as a reference, and evaluate this approach on samples from Epinephelus coioides-a teleost without any published genome. We show that it reconstructs well most of the present transcripts in the scRNA-seq data achieving a sensitivity equivalent to approaches relying on genome alignments of related species. Based on cell heterogeneity and known markers, we characterized four cell types: T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages (Mo/MΦ) and NCC (non-specific cytotoxic cells). Further pseudo-time analysis proved the division of NCC in four subsets: pre-NCC, immature NCC, mature NCC and memory-like NCC. This indicates the presence of three subsets of Mo/MΦ including immature Mo/MΦ, mature Mo/MΦ, and activated Mo/MΦ and four subsets in B cells, i.e. mature B cells, immature B cells, pre B cells and early-pre B cells. Our research will provide new clues for understanding biological characteristics, development and function of immune cell populations of teleost. Furthermore, our approach provides a reliable alternative for scRNA-seq data analysis in teleost for which no reference genome is currently available.