AUTHOR=Cuellar Buritica Julian Rene , Bhattarai Mukul , Carrillo Pedro , Burri Manjula , Klingensmith Jon 
  
TITLE=Cardiac adipose tissue, imaging segmentation, and quantification for cardiovascular disease assessment
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Imaging
  
VOLUME=Volume 4 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/imaging/articles/10.3389/fimag.2025.1694840
  
DOI=10.3389/fimag.2025.1694840
  
ISSN=2813-3315
  
ABSTRACT=Cardiac adipose tissue (CAT) has emerged as a critical and clinically relevant factor in cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet its full impact remains largely overlooked. The amount of fat surrounding the heart can influence major blood vessels by promoting plaque formation. In conditions such as cardiac steatosis or fatty heart disease, fat infiltration or accumulation within the heart muscle compromises its function may play a role in heart failure (HF) and coronary artery disease (CAD). This review explores the different types of fat deposits surrounding the heart, focusing on the potential contribution of CAT to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Three main imaging modalities for assessing cardiac fat are discussed, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and echocardiography. The segmentation and quantification of the fat for each imaging modality are also presented, correlating these measurements with CVD risk. Each imaging modality offers distinct advantages and limitations in segmenting and quantifying fat. Despite its clinical significance, quantification and characterization of CAT remain challenging, requiring advanced imaging techniques for precise assessment. Future research should focus on unlocking the mechanistic pathways that link CAT to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, ultimately enhancing our ability to predict, prevent, and treat heart disease with greater precision. As imaging technology advances, there is a need for refined segmentation methods and consensus-driven guidelines to establish CAT as a key biomarker in CVD risk stratification.