Millions of Americans are living with Alzheimer's Disease and other Related Dementias (ADRD) with an economic burden exceeding one trillion dollars (1–6). The cognitive, financial, and social detriments of ADRD disproportionally impact minority groups (7–9). African American individuals are 2–4 times more likely to develop ADRD than their white counterparts yet are 35% less likely to receive an ADRD diagnosis. Disparity in ADRD care contributes to rising differences in life expectancy between urban and rural communities (10).

Despite heavy intellectual and financial investments by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the individual, familial, and societal burdens of ADRD have continued to rise due to the limited scalability and implementability of discoveries (1–3, 11). Successful implementation and dissemination of healthcare discoveries requires changing the behaviors of patients, family caregivers, clinicians, healthcare administrators, and others interacting within various complex adaptive healthcare delivery organizations (1–3). Appropriate behavioral changes are essential to overcoming existing health disparities, suboptimal quality of care, and mitigating poor health outcomes (11–24).

Since 2008, Indiana University has offered bootcamps, a graduate certificate course, and other research training programs in the science of innovation and implementation with diverse cohorts of learners (60% female, 30% from under-represented minority groups) (25). Leveraging past research training successes in translation science fields, scientists at Indiana University, with support from the NIH's National Institute on Aging (NIA), developed the Agile Nudge University to strengthen the discovery-to-delivery pipeline in applied ADRD research (11, 26–35). The program is offered as an open-source research training platform for the scientific community. The Agile Nudge University provides training and coaching in rapid, iterative, and adaptive problem-solving techniques for scientists on how to design, implement, and diffuse evidence-based behavioral and social science interventions, or “nudges,” to address health disparities and improve the care of people living with ADRD (11, 26–33, 36–42). The program was built on the foundation of Agile Science that aims to understand, predict, and steer the behavior of individuals and social organizations (11, 12, 26, 37–42). The short-term aims of the Agile Nudge University are to help participants develop and practice skills in Agile Nudge Innovation, Agile Nudge Implementation, and Agile Nudge Diffusion (13–18, 43–56). The long-term aim of the Agile Nudge University is to build a racially, ethnically, and geographically diverse network of highly engaged ADRD scholars able to skillfully apply Agile Science to create a sustained, evidence-based, impact on the nationwide delivery of clinical and community based ADRD care (13–18, 43–56). This paper describes the methodological tools, processes, and strategies developed for the Agile Nudge University (See Figure 1).

The Agile Nudge University is comprised of core faculty, a program manager, a communication coordinator, an education services coordinator, research consultants, and lecturers, with an internal steering committee and an advisory board. Core faculty are responsible for knowledge acquisition of the science and processes taught as well as providing personalized coaching. Core faculty are involved in 2 of the 3 fields: ADRD research, Agile methods of innovation and implementation, and behavioral and social science research. Lecturers have expertise in at least one of the three fields. The Agile Nudge University recruits, trains, mentors, and supports ADRD scientists to become experts in Agile Science and its methodology. The minimum eligibility criteria for participants are having a college degree and being interested in conducting research in the behavioral and social sciences for ADRD. Nudge University scholars are expected to range from graduate students to senior PhD scientists to established medical professionals. Disciplines of interest include epidemiology, biostatistics, nursing, pharmacy, medicine, psychology, economics, health policy, and behavioral sciences. To address the need for equal access in ADRD care and innovation, scientists of underrepresented minority groups, women, and disabled persons are of specific interest.

The tools, processes, and strategies developed by the Agile Nudge University are guided by Agile Science. Agile Science combines insights from behavioral economics, complexity science, and network science to model healthcare delivery systems as dynamic evolving networks of numerous interconnected, semi-autonomous, individual human agents (See Figure 2). Agents are contained within a semipermeable boundary that filters the flow of information and energy exchanges with their surrounding environment (11, 12, 26, 55–57). Thus, implementing or diffusing a new discovery in a dynamic and evolving human network requires accounting for temporal and hierarchical variation within the network as well as its external sociocultural contexts (39, 58).

Behavioral economics is a discipline that seeks to explain human decision-making, generally using the dual-processing model in which “System 1” is synonymous with a fast and intuitive form of cognition, whereas “System 2” is its slow and deliberate counterpart (36, 59, 60). Due to the mental resource constraints of “System 2” processing, “System 1” is hypothesized to be far more dominant, but its operation produces cognitive tendencies that can result in decisions that differ from a deliberate, comprehensive situation assessment (6, 7, 36, 60). Nudges can be defined as any modification in the physical, social, or digital environment that encourage certain behaviors without forbidding choices (36, 37). Nudges engineer the environment to leverage cognitive tendencies and steer behavior towards pro-social goals (27). Nudges have been found to be effective tools to reduce health disparities, increase guideline adherence, decrease caregiver burden, and optimize care with estimated success rates ranging from 62% to 73% (61–67). Examples of nudges in healthcare contexts range from changing default prescription settings to peer comparison letters sent to clinicians to smart-watch reminder apps for ADRD patients (65–67).

Complexity science describes a complex adaptive system as an open, dynamic, flexible network of numerous interconnected members who act in nonlinear ways, are continually co-evolving with their surrounding environment, and are constantly exchanging information or resources (58, 68–72). Complex adaptive systems have a structured hierarchy of energy distribution and information exchange, allowing their patterns of activity to be predictable (72). Network sciences map such systems with individual human agents being nodes, highly connected nodes being hubs, the path between nodes being links, aggregations of nodes as communities, and special links connecting two otherwise separate communities as bridges (58, 68–71). The quantifiable aspects of a network include the number of nodes within a network, the number of connections a node has or the degree, the total number of links in a network or sum of all degrees, the probability distribution of node degrees, and the clustering coefficient which measures a network's density of links and can be calculated locally or globally (58, 68–71). The hub is the most highly connected node within a network, and adoption of a belief or behavior by the hub provides the tipping point for creating a social norm (58, 68–71). By identifying the interconnection of each of these components, minimally viable nudges implemented in communities with low resistance and high social proof can lead to participation by the hub and network-wide social contagion (72, 73).

Accounting for the heuristic-driven nature of individual humans each with competing priorities and interacting in a network of energy and resource constraints, Agile Science can inform project management strategies to increase efficiency and reliability (27, 37, 55–60). The Agile mindset strategy guides the development of psychologically safe cultures; the design and embedment of sensors within both the internal and external environment of the network; and the initiation of rapid and iterative testing (sprints) of minimally viable nudges (27, 60). Delineating time and space for a psychologically safe team culture prioritizes collaboration to increase the accuracy of information exchange between members, where all members are communicative of failure and comfortable giving or receiving honest feedback (27). Not prioritizing psychological safety can erode trust, negatively impacting interpersonal communication, team performance, and care delivery (74–79). Embedding “sensors” requires investing time and space to build appropriate timely, actionable, and nonjudgmental feedback loops in a team-based setting as well as listening for outside rumors and gossip (27, 68–71). Monitoring communication channels is critical for deciphering signals and noise within a complex adaptive human network to gauge information exchange between nodes, hubs, and local communities (68–71). Upon securing support and feedback, sprints are cycles of rapid solution testing and modification selected to promote agility for the design, implementation, or diffusion of minimally specified prototypes (11, 26, 36–39). By engineering environments that prioritize agility, research teams are better equipped to scale and sustain evidence-based behavioral and social science interventions within diverse social organizations (11, 26, 27, 36–39).

Agile Nudge Innovation, Agile Nudge Implementation, and Agile Nudge Diffusion processes operationalize Agile Science to create widespread evidence-based change within the healthcare delivery system (11, 12, 26, 36–39). Agile Nudge Innovation is used when there are no existing evidence-based minimally viable nudges and a new one must be developed (26, 37). The first four steps of Agile Innovation are the planning stages: confirm demand for a nudge, study the behavior deeply, scan for existing nudges, and create a termination plan for any nudge (see Figure 3). The latter 4 steps of the process consist of execution in parallel construction: ideate and select top nudge candidates, run nudge sprints, validate the nudge, and create a business package with minimum nudge specifications.

If there is already an evidence-based available nudge to a problem, Agile Nudge Implementation can be employed (12, 26, 37, 39, 40). The 8 steps of Agile Nudge Implementation use decades of projects and interventions to optimize the successful and sustainable implementation of nudges (12, 26, 37–39, 43–46). The steps include evaluating demand for the nudge, identifying an evidence-based nudge, developing evaluation and termination plans, assembling a team to develop the minimally viable nudge prototype, performing implementation sprints, monitoring nudge performance, assessing whole system performance, and creating a minimally standardized operation procedure for the nudge implementation (see Figure 4).

Finally, Agile Nudge Diffusion operationalizes the principles of complexity and network sciences to rapidly disseminate behavioral change throughout a social organization to widen the reach of an evidence-based nudge intervention (26). Agile Nudge Diffusion requires getting to know the complex adaptive human network deeply, developing feedback loops, profiling storytellers, creating a story for the nudge implementation, and running sprints to test the effectiveness of that story on target populations for dissemination (see Figure 5). By mapping the hubs, bridges, degrees, probability distribution, and clustering coefficient of a network, one can identify communities most likely to adopt and spread the nudge while using storytelling to appeal to cognitive biases and create demand (58–61, 68–71, 80). The combination of the 3 Agile nudge processes allows for the creation, sustenance, and dissemination of evidence-based nudges which can be targeted for improving ADRD care and reducing subsequent health disparities.

To aid in nudge innovation, implementation, and diffusion, tools developed for the Agile Nudge University will be made publicly available in an online resource library free of charge to an unlimited number of scientists internationally. The resource library will consist of a catalogue of cognitive heuristics, evidence-based nudges, and ADRD scholar projects.

Our interdisciplinary team of scientists at Indiana University used insights from Agile Science to develop the NIA funded Agile Nudge University program (# R25AG078136). The Agile Nudge University consists of annual five-day Bootcamps, biweekly personalized coaching and mentorship sessions, monthly Innovation Forums for group-based problem-solving, and an online resource library. Thus, the Agile Nudge University combines hands-on training and feedback with self-driven learning, research, and deliberate practice under expert mentorship. This design fulfills the objectives of the NIH Health Disparities Research Framework to address environmental, sociocultural, behavioral, and biological health disparities related to aging (81). All research training activities are conducted through an ADA-compliant secure Zoom web platform and adapted to each scholar's unique strengths and interests. This format effectively blends teaching and coaching for knowledge acquisition and skills development as well as deliberate practice with timely, actionable, and nonjudgmental feedback. Scholars are also required to complete a Responsible Conduct in Research module, addressing the role of clinicians in ADRD research, handling protected health information, conflict of interests, and research codes of ethics. Similarly, participants complete an online module examining the impact of ageism, sexism, and racism on research and the treatment older adults receive. ADRD scientists are then asked to identify examples of these constructs and explore how to develop nudge research projects which address system-wide factors.

The resource library can be found on the IU-Center for Health Innovation and Implementation Science Agile Nudge University program page (www.hii.iu.edu). The library provides a catalogue of cognitive heuristics, sorting them into categories with descriptions of how they affect human decision making, each with a power rating (82). The resource library also provides a catalogue of evidence-based nudges to increase the efficiency of searching for evidence-based nudges matched for specific digital, physical, or social environments. Each nudge described has associated cognitive biases, problem and target behaviors for intervention, a description for replication, and the effect size of the specified impact (82). The resource library also supplies the Agile Nudge University Toolkit which gives step-by-step instructions for designing and implementing selected nudges (82). After each cohort of the Agile Nudge University, the resource library will be updated to include all Innovation Forum generated solutions and experiential case studies of Agile Science, Agile mindset, and Agile nudge processes.

The monthly group-based problem-solving sessions are 2-hours long and structured with the minimum specification of Innovation Forums to proactively address shortcomings in the design, implementation, or diffusion of ADRD-related nudges (see Table 1). Innovation Forums identify problems, gather key stakeholders, and generate a high volume of creative solutions to effectively solve complex issues working with the impacted populations (83). Innovation Forums require a forum coordinator, a subject-matter expert speaker, an administrative coordinator, a solution tracker, and a facilitator who enforces the ground rules. The activity starts with 15 min of time and space for networking, then a speaker presents the challenge for 10 min, 5 min of clarifying questions are offered, followed by 45 min of discussion and solution generation, and a closing 15 min of informal networking and discussion. Everyone who participates must provide at least one original solution and, to promote a positive environment, critiquing other's ideas is prohibited. Solutions are generated under the assumption that there are no significant resource constraints to maximize innovative thinking.

The first two days of each virtual Bootcamps focus on knowledge acquisition with the remaining days used for skill development (see Table 2). Each day different ADRD case examples are examined. The end of each session includes time and space for group-based debriefing. The first day covers Agile Science, the Agile mindset, and how behavioral economics and choice architecture play into the ADRD setting. The second day provides an in-depth focus on Agile Nudge Innovation, Implementation, and Diffusion processes using ADRD case studies within primary care, specialty care, and community-based settings. The rest of the days include self-paced online interactive simulations of the Agile processes in designing, implementing, or diffusing nudges for ADRD in various settings. Employment of simulation training in the Agile Nudge University Bootcamps is integral to developing comprehensive understanding of mixed-method research in a high-quality, timely, and low-cost manner (84, 85). Skill development labs allow scholars to experiment through rapid cycles of trial and error, testing their ability to create and research evidence-based ADRD nudges in a low-stakes controlled environment (12, 26).

The hour-long biweekly coaching sessions are one-on-one interactions between scholars and interdisciplinary ADRD faculty. Agile Nudge University scholars are expected to engage in nudge research projects throughout the program; therefore, personalized mentorship allows for specific planning and feedback. Prior to mentorship, a mentor-mentee pledge takes place which defines the roles and expectations of the relationship. The minimally standardized operating procedure for Agile mentorship requires sharing crises (drastic situations), noise (personal or professional stressors), positives (something good from the week), and having an open space for questions or discussion (see Table 3). Mentees are also encouraged to explicitly define their primary goal and measure daily progress with a dashboard. The use of Agile Science and the Agile mindset to build effective mentorship relationships has been found to increase mentee performance through quick identification of shortcomings, adoption of an adaptive perspective, better management of relations, and personal growth (86).

Expected outcomes of the program include a minimum attendance of 10 participants for each five-day Bootcamp. Innovation Forums are expected to have at least 15 participants, with a minimum of 25% being Agile Nudge University ADRD scientists and 25% being representatives of the target population impacted by the behavioral research project (people living with ADRD, informal caregivers, healthcare delivery system leaders, or healthcare professionals). Net Promoter Scores (NPS) are expected to be over 30 for Bootcamps and Innovation Forums, where an NPS-100-0 needs improvement, 0–30 is good, 30–70 is great, and 70–100 is excellent (87). NPS are a reliable satisfaction metric indicative of loyalty and program scalability (87–89). Each Agile Nudge University ADRD scientist is expected to present a nudge research project in at least one monthly Innovation Forum and is expected to utilize 50% of available biweekly personalized coaching and mentoring sessions. Annually, each Agile Nudge University ADRD scientist is expected to have a minimum of one nudge research project, one publication related to a nudge project, submit one NIH grant application for an ADRD nudge research project, and complete a nudge research project with two or more other Agile Nudge University ADRD collaborators. The open-source resource library is expected to have 100 online users within the first year and an increased number of users for each additional year of the program.

Preliminary data from Cohort 1 shows a total of 14 scholars; 5 of which hold MDs, 7 of which hold PhDs, and 2 of which are in training for PhDs. The first Bootcamp had 20 members in attendance. Across the Innovation Forums, the average NPS was 58 (SD 20.87) with an average of 13 attendees (SD 1.60), 51% from the Agile Nudge University and 28% from the target population. Cohort 2 consists of 13 members, with 2 MDs, 9 PhDs, 1 MBA, and 1 PhD/RN/ACN-BC. Members are spread out across 5 different states and working on nudge projects ranging from scaling local ADRD screening to tailoring interventions to Southern African American ADRD patients to increasing intergenerational interactions for aging populations. The second Bootcamp conducted had 21 attendees. The online resource library was launched in July of 2023, no further data is available at this time.

The Agile Nudge University is committed to providing actionable, high-impact, interdisciplinary training to generate a diverse ADRD workforce competent to design, implement, and sustain nudges that promote high-quality, non-discriminatory, evidence-based care. While Agile Science has been used on a project-based level to increase evidence-based care for aging adults in the past, and other general educational programs for developing competency in Agile methodologies have proved effective, the current program's novel integration of Agile Science and nudge theory specific to ADRD care provide the necessary foundation to overcome structural barriers (12–18, 25). Moreover, Agile Nudge Innovation, Implementation, and Diffusion directly provide steps to facilitate the creation, implementation, and diffusion of evidence-based behavioral ADRD interventions. Already, the program has been shown to have satisfactory enrollment of desired professionals, with a variety of ADRD nudge research projects underway. While Innovation Forum attendance was slightly lower than anticipated, scholars and target populations are adequately represented with “great” NPS scores. Bootcamp attendance has been higher than expected.

Compared with traditional or waterfall project management approaches, Agile methodology is statistically more likely to succeed by a factor of 12%–73% (90). Agile methodology can work in conjunction or independently of other project management strategies – such as lean or Six Sigma – adding responsiveness and adaptability (91). An Agile approach is faster and more human-centered than other methodologies, empowering teams to adjust to changing environmental demands and the target populations' needs (11, 12, 37, 91). Agile methodologies can also be differentiated by not treating individual agents as purely rational and by accounting for organizational complexity within a constantly changing external environment (11, 12, 36, 58–60). By engineering a network of diverse and interdisciplinary scientists, the Agile Nudge University seeks to develop well-versed and interconnected catalysts of change.

Evaluation of the Agile Nudge University will be comprised of both formative and summative components. Formative evaluations will include scholar-led focus groups after Bootcamps and at the end of the academic year to assess the tools, processes, and cumulative experience. Such scholar-driven discussions are known to produce credible data on instructional, mentorship, and content quality (87–89, 92). An ongoing performance review will monitor short-term outcomes through nudge research projects, submitted abstracts, papers, and grants to continuously fine-tune the program. Bootcamp, Innovation Forum, and mentorship evaluations will provide feedback to improve program engagement after each session. Finally, a competency survey will be sent annually to an outside institutional mentor of each participant post-completion requiring them to select if the scholar reached mastery in related categories. Collectively, these formative measures provide feedback to monitor and adjust the program over the course of the minimum 5-year duration. The long-term objectives of the program, namely having developed a sustained interdisciplinary network of scientists able to use nudges to improve ADRD care, will be evaluated at a summative level: total grants and funding within 3 years of completion, career research awards within 3 years of training, and research career status 5 years post-completion. After 5 years, evaluations will track the number of participants who attain promotion, major institutional or national leadership roles, or secure high-level governmental or industry positions. Evaluations will occur through annual post-graduation inquiries about publications, awards, impressions, or career advancements. Given the intention of building a national network of highly engaged ADRD scientists, Agile Nudge University scholars will be encouraged to obtain an ORCID ID, the de facto standard of research disambiguation. By monitoring Scorpus IDs, having automatic alerts on authorships, and using the NIH's RePORTER for grants, a comprehensive view of research accomplishments can be formed.

Limitations to benefits of Agile Nudge University center around logistical constraints. Innovation Forums are limited to a maximum of 25 participants and Bootcamps are limited to 30 scholars to facilitate productive discussions with the involvement of everyone in attendance. Having one-on-one feedback sessions with expert faculty mentors further limit program expansion and scale-up. Cohorts will vary in size depending on recruitment, the number of applications, and applicant fit for the program. The open-source library's impact has not yet been measured but will be assessed by the number of individuals visiting the site and using its resources. Despite an array of formative and summative outcome measurements and targets, the lack of a control group will prevent any formal causal analyses.

To address growing socioeconomic disparities and burdens associated with ADRD in the United States, diverse interdisciplinary researchers able to resolve translational care gaps will be vital for the success of existing and future research. Through individualized mentoring and mastery of Agile Nudge Innovation, Implementation, and Diffusion, the Agile Nudge University seeks to train scholars to facilitate best practice ADRD research and care in localized social, physical, and digital environments. By itself, the limited scope of such a program is inadequate to overcome the vast barriers in ADRD innovation and implementation research on a national scale. Already, the resource library is an open-source toolkit for using Agile Science to develop evidence-based specific nudges. Broad dissemination of the Agile Nudge University structure and curriculum can be implemented quickly and informed by diffusion theories, offering a way to further expand the frontier in ADRD translation care. By creating champions of the Agile Nudge University and providing full transparency of the program's methodology, increased initiatives in ADRD implementation science and diversity will be necessary to sustain a positive individual, familial, and societal impact.