AUTHOR=Nayak Debasish Swapnesh Kumar , Pati Abhilash , Panigrahi Amrutanshu , Khan Mudassir , Alabdullah Bayan , Sahoo Santanu Kumar , Sahu Bibhuprasad , Almjally Abrar , Mallik Saurav , Swarnkar Tripti 

TITLE=aiGeneR 3.0: an enhanced deep network model for resistant strain identification and multi-drug resistance prediction in Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infection using next-generation sequencing data

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Genetics

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/genetics/articles/10.3389/fgene.2025.1651917

DOI=10.3389/fgene.2025.1651917

ISSN=1664-8021

ABSTRACT=BackgroundInfectious diseases pose a global health threat, with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exacerbating the issue. Considering Escherichia coli (E. coli) is frequently linked to urinary tract infections, researching antibiotic resistance genes in this context is essential for identifying and combating the growing problem of drug resistance.ObjectiveMachine learning (ML), particularly deep learning (DL), has proven effective in rapidly detecting strains for infection prevention and reducing mortality rates. We proposed aiGeneR 3.0, a simplified and effective DL model employing a long-short-term memory mechanism for identifying multi-drug resistant and resistant strains in E. coli. The aiGeneR 3.0 paradigm for identifying and classifying antibiotic resistance is a tandem link of quality control incorporated with DL models. Cross-validation was adopted to measure the ROC-AUC, F1-score, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification performance of aiGeneR 3.0. We hypothesized that the aiGeneR 3.0 would be more effective than other baseline DL models for antibiotic resistance detection with an effective computational cost. We assess how well our model can be memorized and generalized.ResultsOur aiGeneR 3.0 can handle imbalances and small datasets, offering higher classification accuracy (93%) with a simple model architecture. The multi-drug resistance prediction ability of aiGeneR 3.0 has a prediction accuracy of 98%. aiGeneR 3.0 uses deep networks (LSTM) with next-generation sequencing (NGS) data, making it suitable for novel antibiotics and growing resistance identification in the future.ConclusionThis work uniquely integrates SNP-level insights with DL, offering potential clinical utility in guiding antibiotic stewardship. It also enables a robust, generalized, and memorized model for future use in AMR analysis.