Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is a multivariate statistical method employed to analyze complex relationships between latent and observed variables (De Carvalho and Chima, 2014). It integrates both factor analysis and path analysis, allowing researchers to test theoretical assumptions by constructing measurement models and structural models (Lei and Wu, 2007). The fundamental equations in SEM are categorized into two components: the measurement equation and the structural equation (Fan et al., 2016).

Measurement Models describe the relationships between latent variables and their observed indicators, typically expressed as:

X = Λ_x ξ + δ (Measurement equation for exogenous variables).

Y = Λ_y η + ε (Measurement equation for endogenous variables).

In these equations, X and Y represent the observed variables, while ξ and η denote the exogenous and endogenous latent variables, respectively (Jin et al., 2021). The matrices Λ_x and Λ_y are the factor loading matrices, and δ and ε represent the measurement errors. Structural models illustrate the causal relationships between latent variables and can be expressed as follows: η = B η + Γ ξ + ζ In this equation, B represents the path coefficient matrix that delineates the relationships between endogenous latent variables, while Γ denotes the coefficient matrix for the effects of exogenous latent variables on endogenous latent variables. Additionally, ζ signifies the structural error term. Through model fitting and parameter estimation, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) evaluates the extent of alignment between the theoretical model and the empirical data (Iacobucci, 2009).

The framework for the evaluation indicators in this study was developed through a comprehensive theoretical analysis from multiple perspectives. Initially, the study draws on relevant literature from fields such as urban renewal, industrial heritage regeneration, and sustainable development to identify the key dimensions that influence satisfaction with the spatial regeneration of industrial heritage sites. Subsequently, based on the principles of scientific rigor, systematic structure, and practical feasibility, and in conjunction with national standards for the renewal of old industrial buildings, 22 specific indicators were selected. These indicators comprehensively reflect satisfaction with industrial heritage regeneration and form the foundation of the satisfaction evaluation system. A detailed overview of the indicator system is presented in Table 1.

Based on the evaluation framework for satisfaction with the spatial regeneration of industrial heritage, this study proposes the following six hypotheses.

H1

Cultural Identity Has a Significant Positive Impact on Satisfaction with Industrial Heritage Regeneration.

H2

Environmental Sustainability Has a Significant Positive Impact on Satisfaction with Industrial Heritage Regeneration.

H3

Social Impact Has a Significant Positive Impact on Satisfaction with Industrial Heritage Regeneration.

H4

Technological Applications Have a Significant Positive Impact on Satisfaction with Industrial Heritage Regeneration.

H5

Spatial Layout Has a Significant Positive Impact on Satisfaction with Industrial Heritage Regeneration.

H6

Economic Value Has a Significant Positive Impact on Satisfaction with Industrial Heritage Regeneration.

Drawing upon relevant theories, this study proposes a hypothetical model for satisfaction with the regeneration of industrial heritage (Figure 2). The model encompasses six theoretical constructs: “Cultural Identity,” “Environmental Sustainability,” “Social Impact,” “Economic Value,” “Technological Application,” and “Spatial Planning.” It is posited that these factors significantly influence satisfaction with the repurposing of industrial heritage spaces.

The outcomes of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), conducted employing the maximum likelihood technique, are presented in Table 3. The analysis reveals that the standardized factor loadings for all measurement items are above 0.690 and statistically significant at the 0.001 level, indicating that the observed variables effectively explain their corresponding latent constructs. Furthermore, the squared multiple correlation (SMC) values for the observed variables range from 0.695 to 0.831, exceeding the commonly accepted threshold of 0.3, which confirms the reliability of the measurement items.

Further examination indicates that the values of composite reliability (CR) for each latent construct surpass 0.7, demonstrating a robust internal consistency in the model. Moreover, the average variance extracted (AVE) values for every construct are greater than 0.5, supporting the model’s convergent validity. In summary, these results affirm that the model shows an acceptable fit and is suitable for additional goodness-of-fit assessments.

Table 4 presents the model fit indices that evaluate how well the structural equation model aligns with the observed data, thereby validating the model. The findings indicate a chi-square to degrees of freedom ratio (χ²/df) of 1.125, a Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) value of 0.024, and a Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) of 0.046. Additionally, the Normed Fit Index (NFI) is recorded at 0.950, while both the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Incremental Fit Index (IFI) are at 0.994. The Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) is noted to be 0.993, and the Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) and Parsimony Goodness-of-Fit Index (PGFI) are documented as 0.789 and 0.695, respectively. These fit indices all fulfill the widely accepted standards for evaluating models, signifying that the model exhibits a satisfactory fit with the observed data.

Table 5 displays the standardized path coefficients from the structural model, along with the results related to hypothesis testing. The model incorporates six exogenous structural variables, where both environmental sustainability and economic value show notably high path coefficients ( p   <   0.05 ), signifying a considerable positive influence on overall satisfaction.

Furthermore, the path coefficient for social impact is the highest among all variables ( p   <   0.05 ), demonstrating that social interaction and public engagement play a crucial role in shaping tourists’ overall experiences. Although the path coefficients for cultural identity, technological applications, and spatial layout are comparatively lower ( p   <   0.05 ), they still exhibit statistical significance. This suggests that these factors contribute to overall tourist satisfaction to some extent, particularly by enhancing cultural experiences and improving comfort.

The standardized path coefficient for H1 (cultural identity) is 0.140, with a significance level of P = 0.023 . This finding indicates that cultural identity has a significant positive impact on visitors’ overall satisfaction with the regenerated industrial heritage space at Chengdu’s Eastern Suburb Memory. Specifically, visitors’ recognition of historical and cultural continuity, cultural experiences, and cultural innovation significantly influences their overall evaluation of the space (Wang et al., 2024). This result aligns with cultural identity theory, suggesting that the integration of cultural preservation and innovation fosters emotional resonance and a sense of engagement, thereby enhancing satisfaction (Leong et al., 2024).

The Eastern Suburb Memory achieves this balance by preserving the original industrial architecture, symbolically showcasing historical memories, and hosting diverse cultural events such as music festivals, exhibitions, and contemporary art performances. This multi-dimensional cultural experience not only evokes emotional connections with local history but also strengthens visitors’ attachment to the regenerated space and enhances their overall satisfaction (Zhang, 2024). This finding is consistent with existing research indicating that profound cultural experiences combined with innovation can foster a sense of identity and belonging among users (Ponsignon and Derbaix, 2020).

However, although cultural identity plays a crucial role in enhancing satisfaction, its relatively low path coefficient (0.140) suggests that its influence remains constrained by other factors, including the synergistic effects of technological applications and social influences. Compared to industrial heritage regeneration projects in Germany’s Ruhr Region, the East Suburb Memory still has room for further cultural innovation (Berger, 2019). The Ruhr Region successfully transformed former industrial sites into cultural and creative parks, attracting a large international audience of tourists and artists (Berger et al., 2018; Asprogerakas and Mountanea, 2020). Building on this model, the East Suburb Memory could strengthen its global appeal and influence by hosting more international cultural events and art exhibitions. Moreover, regularly updating cultural content and launching innovative programs would help the regenerated space sustain its attractiveness and vitality, thereby enhancing overall satisfaction and supporting its long-term sustainable development (Nocca, 2017).

H2, representing environmental sustainability, has a path coefficient of 0.209 with a P value of 0.002, indicating a highly significant positive effect on overall visitor satisfaction. Visitors’ perceptions of ecological improvements, resource reuse, and energy-saving measures significantly shape their satisfaction with the space. This finding underscores the importance of environmental protection and sustainable practices as critical components of public evaluations in the regeneration of industrial heritage sites (Pardo Abad, 2020).

The environmental sustainability of industrial heritage regeneration involves not only improving ecological quality but also implementing resource recycling and energy-saving measures (Guo et al., 2021). For instance, the UK’s Tate Modern seamlessly integrated environmental sustainability with cultural value by preserving the original industrial architecture and incorporating green design (Alshawaaf and Lee, 2021). Adopting a similar approach, the East Suburb Memory renovation has introduced green landscapes, resource recycling systems, and low-energy building designs to enhance the ecological efficiency of its regenerated spaces.

However, the path coefficient (0.209) for environmental sustainability at the East Suburb Memory suggests that further optimization is required. Lessons could be drawn from the NDSM Wharf regeneration project in the Netherlands by incorporating additional renewable energy technologies—such as solar panels and wind turbines—and adopting low-carbon design principles to reinforce the site’s eco-friendly image (Daamen and Louw, 2016; Bossuyt and Savini, 2018). Moreover, promoting green transportation within the space (e.g., adding pedestrian and bicycle paths) could help reduce carbon emissions (Zhang et al., 2024).

Looking ahead, managers should continue to advance green development strategies and explore ways to integrate environmental measures with cultural and social activities (Wu and Lin, 2021). Such initiatives would meet diverse public needs while enhancing the overall attractiveness of the regenerated space. For example, designing environmentally themed cultural events, including green art exhibitions or low-carbon lifestyle workshops, could increase public engagement and awareness of environmental sustainability (Obracht-Prondzyńska et al., 2023).

H3, representing social influence, has a path coefficient of 0.298 with a P value approaching zero, indicating that it is the most significant factor affecting satisfaction in the regenerated space. Visitors’ perceptions of community involvement, social inclusiveness, and the project’s impact on the local social atmosphere significantly contribute to their overall satisfaction. This finding aligns with social capital theory, which underscores the importance of community interaction and inclusive environments in fostering a sense of belonging and satisfaction (Lim et al., 2024).

The East Suburb Memory has organized community events and cultural exhibitions, providing opportunities for diverse social groups to engage and interact, thereby fostering social cohesion and inclusivity. These initiatives not only draw more visitors but also enhance residents’ sense of belonging. However, when compared to Germany’s Ruhr Region “Emscher Park” project—which effectively repurposed industrial heritage into community-shared spaces through robust public participation and inclusive design—the East Suburb Memory still has room to advance its community engagement (Ćopić et al., 2014). Incorporating more participatory design and social innovation projects could enrich the quality and depth of social interactions, ultimately increasing public satisfaction with the regenerated space (von Schnurbein et al., 2023).

Furthermore, managers should broaden both the depth and breadth of community participation by inviting diverse groups to partake in public activities, thereby bolstering social inclusivity and enlivening public spaces (Alanazi, 2024). For example, they could develop tailored activities for older adults, children, and individuals with disabilities, ensuring that all community members benefit from and contribute to the social value of the regenerated site.

The path coefficient for H4 (technological applications) is 0.136, with a P value of 0.046. Although this coefficient is relatively low, it is statistically significant, indicating a positive impact of technological applications on visitor satisfaction. Specifically, visitors’ satisfaction with smart management systems, modern technological experiences, and information services contributes positively to their overall satisfaction. This finding aligns with smart city theory, which holds that the integration of technological elements enhances the convenience and quality of spatial experiences (Apanavičienė and Shahrabani, 2023).

In Dongjiang Memory, the introduction of intelligent navigation systems, digital exhibitions, and interactive facilities has effectively improved the visitor experience. Nonetheless, the relatively low path coefficient indicates that the potential of technological applications has not been fully realized. Compared to “SMART Seoul” in South Korea—where VR, AR, and big data technologies have been comprehensively incorporated to create a smart cultural space—Dongjiang Memory still has significant room to advance its technological integration (Kang, 2015; Adnan et al., 2016). By introducing more immersive technological experiences (e.g., VR-guided tours and AR interactive exhibitions), Dongjiang Memory could more deeply merge technology with cultural content, thereby further enhancing visitor engagement and satisfaction (Kim, 2025).

Furthermore, managers should develop intelligent interactive platforms to heighten tourists’ perception of and engagement with technology (Buhalis et al., 2023). For instance, a mobile-based application could be designed to provide real-time navigation, facilitate event reservations, and offer cultural information, thus further strengthening the regenerated space’s modernized image (Dixit et al., 2023).

H5, which represents spatial layout, has a path coefficient of 0.206 with a P value of 0.011, indicating a significant positive effect on visitor satisfaction. Visitors’ perceptions of architectural preservation, landscape design, safety measures, and the accessibility and convenience of the space directly influence their overall experience and evaluation. A well-designed spatial layout enhances visitors’ comfort and convenience, thereby improving satisfaction (Pratiwi et al., 2015).

In Dongjiang Memory, the restoration and preservation of original buildings—combined with modern landscape design—have successfully integrated the site’s historical significance with contemporary spatial functions. Nonetheless, when compared to the King’s Cross Station regeneration project in London (Donnellan, 2024; Bertolini, 1996), Dongjiang Memory still has room to improve in terms of spatial diversity and accessibility. At King’s Cross, visitor comfort and convenience were significantly enhanced by optimizing pedestrian pathways and introducing multifunctional public spaces (Holgersen and Haarstad, 2009). Drawing on this example, Dongjiang Memory could refine internal road design and add barrier-free facilities, thereby further improving spatial accessibility and convenience.

Additionally, managers should enrich the site’s cultural symbolism and social functions. For example, incorporating multifunctional public spaces and interactive art installations would enable visitors to engage in social and leisure activities while simultaneously experiencing the area’s historical and cultural ambiance, thereby increasing overall satisfaction (Ghafouri, 2016).

The path coefficient for H6 (economic value) is 0.226, with a P value of 0.000, indicating a highly significant positive effect on visitor satisfaction. Visitors’ perceptions of the economic benefits, employment opportunities, and tax contributions generated by the project play a crucial role in their satisfaction with the space. This finding aligns with urban economics theories, suggesting that the dual benefits of culture and economy enhance public recognition of regenerated spaces (Andres and Golubchikov, 2016).

Dongjiao Memory has significantly contributed to the local economy by promoting commercial development, enhancing tourism appeal, and creating employment opportunities. However, when compared to the Guggenheim Museum regeneration project in Bilbao (Plaza, 2008; Baniotopoulou, 2001), Spain, Dongjiao Memory still has potential to further diversify its economic value. Bilbao successfully achieved economic transformation by integrating cultural tourism with the creative industries (Plaza, 2008; Sepe and Di Trapani, 2010). Drawing on this experience, Dongjiao Memory could introduce more cultural entrepreneurship initiatives and non-profit activities to broaden economic diversity and strengthen social benefits.

Moreover, managers should guard against excessive commercialization, which may dilute the site’s cultural value, and strive to balance economic growth with cultural preservation. For instance, commercial activities rooted in cultural creativity—such as handicraft markets or cultural innovation exhibitions—could reinforce public recognition and satisfaction with the regenerated space (Della Lucia and Trunfio, 2018).

In this quadrant, variables X2 (Cultural Experience), X6 (Energy Conservation), X13 (Architectural Heritage), X14 (Landscape Design), X15 (Safety Assurance), X17 (Functional Diversity), X18 (Public Service Facilities), and X19 (Mobility Design) demonstrate high importance and satisfaction. This suggests that these factors are well recognized by the public within the Dongjiao Memory Space. Consequently, it is crucial to consolidate these strengths while enhancing management practices and resource allocation.

To achieve this, current cultural experiences and energy-saving initiatives should be regularly evaluated and optimized through feedback and data analysis to assess their effectiveness (Ma et al., 2017). Key performance indicators may include participation rates, satisfaction surveys, and energy-saving outcomes to promptly identify potential issues (Li et al., 2020). For instance, if attendance at a cultural event declines, adjustments in content or promotional strategies may be necessary to attract more visitors (Richards, 2007). Furthermore, establishing an effective public feedback mechanism is essential. This can be accomplished by gathering input through online surveys, social media interactions, and on-site suggestion boxes to promote public involvement. Management should also conduct regular feedback meetings or public forums to engage in direct dialogue with visitors, ensuring that strategies align with public needs (Fung, 2015). These efforts will help sustain public satisfaction with cultural and energy-saving measures, thereby enhancing the overall experience.

In this quadrant, the variables X1 (Historical and Cultural Heritage) and X7 (Public Participation) are identified as significant yet receive relatively low satisfaction scores, indicating that current initiatives have not fully aligned with public expectations. To address this gap, it is essential to enhance cultural outreach and implement more interactive programs.

Strengthening cultural communication and education serves as a key strategy for improving satisfaction. Management can organize exhibitions, lectures, and performances that reflect local characteristics, thereby attracting both residents and tourists (Edensor, 2000). These events should prioritize interactivity, encouraging public involvement in their planning and execution to cultivate a sense of ownership and engagement. Additionally, designing highly participatory activities is an effective means of increasing public involvement (Al-Kodmany, 1999). For instance, workshops focused on crafts or cultural creation not only encourage public participation but also empower participants to become both creators and preservers of culture (Newisar et al., 2024). This deeper engagement will foster greater recognition and understanding of cultural heritage, ultimately enhancing overall satisfaction.

In this quadrant, the variables X3 (Cultural Innovation), X4 (Environmental Improvement), X5 (Resource Reuse), X8 (Community Identity), X9 (Social Inclusion), X11 (Modern Technology Experience), X12 (Information Facilities and Services), X20 (Economic Contribution), X21 (Job Opportunities), and X22 (Tax Revenue) exhibit both low importance and low satisfaction. Although these areas have received limited attention, they present significant opportunities for future development.

Introducing diverse cultural elements can enhance cultural innovation. Hosting international cultural exhibitions or cross-cultural arts festivals could promote cultural integration, attract young people and international tourists, and invigorate the cultural vitality of the space (Loukaitou-Sideris and Soureli, 2012). Enriching the diversity of cultural experiences will heighten public interest and appreciation for the heritage site.

Moreover, enhancing community participation and social inclusion is crucial. Collaborating with local communities to organize inclusive cultural festivals or craft exhibitions can strengthen residents’ sense of identity and promote social inclusion (Viola, 2022). Facilitating interactions among groups with diverse backgrounds will better integrate the space into local life, establishing it as an important part of the community.

In this quadrant, variables X10 (Smart Management Systems) and X16 (Accessibility and Convenience) are highly significant but exhibit low satisfaction scores, indicating that deficiencies in these areas adversely impact the overall visitor experience. Upgrading the smart management system is crucial for optimizing visitor interactions.

Priority should be given to enhancing ticketing systems, information access, and navigation services to ensure that visitors can easily obtain information and participate in activities (Wang et al., 2016). Furthermore, staff should receive technical training to operate the system effectively and assist visitors promptly, thereby minimizing any negative effects arising from technical issues (Leung et al., 2018).

Additionally, improving transportation infrastructure represents another key strategy for enhancing accessibility. Management should collaborate with local government and transportation departments to expand public transportation routes and improve connections between subway and bus stations, facilitating travel (Geurs and Van Wee, 2004). Internal road designs should incorporate walking paths and accessible facilities to ensure safe and convenient access for all visitors (Zimring et al., 2005).