Nature as often been framed as a solution to contemporary socio-ecological challenges through homogeneous, formal, and anthropocentric viewpoints. However, these perspectives are inadequate for addressing the complex and multifaceted nature of such challenges. To effectively engage with contemporary socio-ecological phenomena, it is crucial to adopt a more integrative approach–one that involvers thinking with and like nature in a symbiotic relationship where different perspectives and knowledge systems are valued, integrated and interconnected (Alves et al., 2013; Alves and Vidal, 2024). In urban spaces, nature is frequently viewed as domesticated and passive, functioning merely as a backdrop to human activity. This limited view neglects nature’s intrinsic agency and its potential to work in partnership with human societies (Čapek, 2010; Wolch et al., 2014).

Despite the growing recognition of the need to restore the interconnected relationships between society-nature-culture, especially within the context of our multicultural and unequal cities, more needs to be done to foster innovative and inclusive solutions. These solutions should encourage humans and non-humans alike to co-create diverse urban spaces that support resilient and sustainable possible futures (Folke et al., 2016; Bina et al., 2024). By embracing a broader understanding of nature’s role in urban systems, we can cultivate more adaptative and equitable urban spaces that are better equipped to address both current and future socio-ecological challenges.

The concept of “possible” is used to recognize alternative ways of coexistence and challenge hegemonic norms and traditional planning paradigms. It aims to explore the potentialities within a given context and is associated with generativity and creativity latent in a territory (Stengers, 2000; Bragança, 2023). Previous research has been devoted to exploring the various aspects of integrating nature into urban environments and promoting more balanced socio-ecological relationships through an ecosystem services approach (Vidal et al., 2022). Therefore, concepts like urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, green infrastructure, and biophilic design have been studied and explored albeit in a fragmented way and failing to recognize the complexity of dealing with nature (Aldeia and Alves, 2019) and, consequently, failed to integrate emotions and nature narratives and imaginaries into urban planning (Lencastre et al., 2023). This gap calls for an innovative approach that could contribute to adding depth, meaning, and resonance to urban spaces, creating environments that are not only functional but also emotionally enriching, fostering a stronger sense of community, wellbeing, and ecological awareness to raise resilience towards socio-ecological challenges. This Research Topic seeks to foster a deep discussion and reflection on the diverse possibilities that nature(s) can assume within urban spaces through the creation of a collaborative environment where a multitude of voices contribute to urban sustainability (Ramirez et al., 2018; Vidal and Alves, 2024; Vidal et al., 2024). Nature and its elements are understood as active agents with agency, working alongside humans. These nature imaginaries should be deconstructed through a widely participatory exercise that promotes a new culture of the territory and space, which implies including different forms of knowledge, ecological values and practices. Considering the interdependencies of nature-society, urban spaces can be relevant in contributing to the importance of reimagining possible futures (Harris, 2022). This Research Topic collected seven manuscripts investigating new ways of reimagining our relationship with Nature in urban settings, considering the reflection of Nature(s) with agency and in the plurality of forms that can assume that goes beyond the formal and classic ones and how this can address the discussion on socio-ecological challenges.

Within this standpoint, the contribution of Alves et al. entitled “The Rights of Nature and the Human Right to Nature: An Overview of the European Legal System and Challenges for the Ecological Transition” explores the complexities of recognizing nature’s rights within European legal frameworks. By examining how different countries incorporate the Rights of Nature and the human right to a healthy environment, this study reveals the persistent anthropocentric bias that could hinder efforts to promote ecological transitions. This research highlights the need for a pluralistic approach that acknowledges the agency of nature within the legal and cultural contexts of urban spaces. Beery et al. “Broadening the Foundation for the Study of Childhood Connectedness to Nature” emphasized the importance of spatial and sociocultural factors in understanding children’s access to nature in urban environments. The study’s focus on Malmö, Sweden, underscores the diverse ways urban spaces can facilitate or hinder connections to nature. The findings adds to the conversation about how urban planning and education may enable a more inclusive and pluralistic engagement with nature, promoting a better ecological consciousness among future generations, by pushing for a broader understanding of these connections. Bragança’s article “Possible Gardens: Cosmopolitical Worlds” delves into the interactions within urban gardens, presenting them as sites where multiple species coexist and create dynamic ecological spaces. Considering gardens in Belo Horizonte (Brazil), the study illustrates how gardens function as miniature versions of larger socio-ecological systems, where both human and non-human actors contribute to urban sustainability. This research illustrates how urban gardens can become catalysts for ecological practices and policies, embodying the plurality and agency needed to address contemporary urban challenges. The paper of Jamal and El-Fattah, “An Overview of Solid Waste Management and Privatization in the Kingdom of Bahrain,” addresses the pressing issue of waste management in an urban context. The study explores how Bahrain’s constrained geographical space and increasing waste production challenge the creation of sustainable urban environments. It discusses the potential role of privatization in enhancing waste management systems, contributing to the ongoing discourse on how urban spaces can adapt to ecological challenges through diverse and innovative solutions, highlighting the need for inclusive strategies that engage multiple stakeholders. Muñoz et al. examined in the article “Assessing Biodiversity and Regulatory Ecosystem Services in Urban Water Bodies Serving as Aqua-Nature-Based Solutions” how urban ponds function as Nature-based Solutions (NBS) to enhance biodiversity and resilience to climate change. By comparing ponds’ biodiversity and ecosystem services with different hydroperiods, the study emphasizes the need for varied and well-integrated NBS in urban planning. This research underscores the importance of recognizing and leveraging the diverse ecological functions of urban water bodies to address socio-ecological challenges, fostering more resilient and biodiverse cities. The Esteves et al. approach, “Exploring the Nexus of Gender and Environment in the H2020 PHOENIX Project: Insights from the Design of a Gender Equality Plan,” investigates the intersection of gender and environmental issues within the European Green Deal framework. Creating a Gender Equality Plan Gender Equality Plan through a participatory approach, the study highlights the need for gender-sensitive research in environmental projects. This work contributes to the broader discourse on how inclusive and pluralistic approaches can enhance the effectiveness of ecological initiatives, ensuring that diverse perspectives and experiences shape the future of urban environments. Finally, Borges et al. offer in their article “Transforming Cities into Sustainable and Healthy Territories Starts with the ‘Culture of Water’: Learning from Traditional Peoples and Communities of the Carapitanga River Basin” an innovative perspective on urban water governance. Using the ecological knowledge that has been traditionally used by people in the Brazilian Carapitanga River Basin, the study presents water culture as a vital component in addressing urban socio-ecological challenges. This research enriches the discourse on how Indigenous and traditional practices can inform sustainable urban development, emphasizing the plurality of approaches necessary to balance the hydrosocial cycle in modern cities.

In conclusion, this Research Topic emphasises the critical need for a paradigm change in our understanding of and interactions with nature in urban settings. We open the door to more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban possible futures by embracing nature’s inherent agency and integrating multiple views and knowledge systems. The seven contributions that are the subject of this discussion showcase a variety of creative methods that go against accepted wisdom and provide new perspectives on how urban areas and wildlife might meaningfully coexist. These studies, which range from gender-sensitive environmental research to educational techniques and local ecological practices, all support a redesigned relationship that is egalitarian and flexible with nature. To address the complex socio-ecological concerns of our day, it is imperative that we keep promoting collaborative efforts and including many viewpoints as we go forward. By doing this, we may design urban areas that are rich in ecological and emotional value in addition to being functional, making them better able to promote the welfare of all residents, humans and non-humans, and the condition of our shared environment.