AUTHOR=Naqvi Syed Ali Hassan , Ullah Kifayat , Ahamd Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad 

TITLE=Chemical conversion and characterization of paper cress seed oil to paper cress methyl esters via novel sulfur doped nano-photocatalyst

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Energy Research

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/energy-research/articles/10.3389/fenrg.2025.1412246

DOI=10.3389/fenrg.2025.1412246

ISSN=2296-598X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionIn the current study, Lepidium apetalum oil (LAO) was identified as a novel source of feedstock for the production of methyl esters. The study aimed to find out the conversion rate of Lepidium apetalum seed oil into methyl esters using different variables, to get the most amounts possible.MethodsIn general, the novel sulfur doped nano-photocatalyst was synthesized and used in the most efficient way possible. Oil to methanol molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature, were all used as variables.ResultsThe best yield Obtained was 92 percent Using 0.5 gm sulfur doped nano-photocatalyst, a temperature of 60°C, and a 1:6 molar ratio of oil to methanol.DiscussionThe methyl esters were characterized using GCMS, NMR, and Atomic Absorption Spectrum analytical techniques for structural and chemical analysis. The Color, density, flash point, cloud point, kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, pour point, and acid number of Lepidium apetalum methyl esters (LAMEs) were calculated and compared to ASTM standards.