Front. Energy Res. Frontiers in Energy Research Front. Energy Res. 2296-598X Frontiers Media S.A. 872028 10.3389/fenrg.2022.872028 Energy Research Original Research Construction of Operation Portraits Based on a Cloud Model for Power Distribution Networks Liang et al. Distribution Network Construction Liang Jifeng 1 * Li Tiecheng 1 Fan Hui 2 Hu Xuekai 1 * Wang Lei 1 Jiang Shan 2 1 Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Supply Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China 2 State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China

Edited by: Xi Chen, Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute, China

Reviewed by: Longfei Wei, Hitachi America Ltd., United States

Oleg Zolotarev, Russian New University, Russia

Zhongping Ji, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China

 *Correspondence: Jifeng Liang, sjzliangjf@163.com; Xuekai Hu, 1103138345@qq.com

This article was submitted to Smart Grids, a section of the journal Frontiers in Energy Research

 08 06 2022 2022 10 872028 09 02 2022 25 04 2022 Copyright © 2022 Liang, Li, Fan, Hu, Wang and Jiang. 2022 Liang, Li, Fan, Hu, Wang and Jiang

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With the high proportion of new energy access in power distribution networks, the operation of distribution networks becomes more uncertain and complex. The mechanism on how to extract features that embody the full perspective of the distribution network from the diverse and varying conditions is of great significance to master the operating property of distribution networks under the high proportion of new energy. This study investigates the portrait construction of power distributions. A data-driven method of portrait construction for a distribution network based on a cloud model is proposed. First, the indexes describing the operation of the medium voltage distribution network (MVDN) and low-voltage station area (LVSA) are established. By means of statistics, fuzzy label templates are provided for the indexes. Then, based on the daily monitoring power grid data, the operation index is calculated to form the collected samples, and the reverse cloud generator is used as the data-driven method to process the samples, and the fuzzy model of cloud parameter representation is obtained. Finally, the fuzzy distance between the obtained fuzzy model and the label template is calculated, and the scores of operation indexes are obtained, thus forming a portrait method of distribution network operation behavior. Taking the IEEE 33 distribution network and real distribution network as examples and taking the LVSA as an example, it is verified that this method can effectively construct the distribution network operation portrait.

 distribution networks portrait data-driven cloud model fuzzy distance 1 Introduction

Power systems are key aspects of the goal of “double carbon”. Developing new energy, for example, wind and solar energy is vital to solve the problem of carbon emission. The power systems with new energy as the fundamental power are facing much uncontrollable new energy, the interaction of flexible load, and stochastic operating conditions. The traditional analysis and control mechanism based on determined power systems are difficult to meet the new power system (Akhavan-Rezai et al., 2009; Nasaruddin and Muhibbuddin, 2021). Based on operational data, establishing a data-driven modeling strategy is necessary.

User’s power consumption behavior will greatly affect the operation behavior of the distribution network. Consumption behavior analysis plays an important role in load forecasting, power consumption management, demand response, situation analysis, and safety warning (Wu and Li, 2019; Chen et al., 2020). With the employment of the Internet of Things in the power grid (Lu et al., 2018), the potential value of power big data is also being explored (Liu et al., 2021). At the same time, with the rise of the big data technology, the increase in data acquisition dimension and the integration of emerging technologies were widely used in the power industry (Bertoldi and Atanasiu, 2011). It is possible to analyze user behavior (Jin et al., 2021), and extract potential consumption habits accurately (Wu and Li, 2019).

User portrait descriptions are valuable tools for mining users’ information according to the real data of users (Yu et al., 2019).. Chen et al. (2020) proposed a process of constructing a user portrait based on a wide range of users’ data. Different from ordinary exploitation of users’ information, portraits of users pay more attention to the whole features of users. Through the classification of user attributes, the features are extracted with labels. Hu et al. (2021) improved the Internet user portrait system by mining the user behaviors to extract user labels. The portrait technology brings a more intuitive and concise expression for the analysis of users’ power consumption behavior (Yu et al., 2019), so it is also widely used in the field of the power system. A multi-attribute power consumption behavior portrait including characteristics, patterns, group characteristics, and personality of users should be established to provide a theoretical basis for the intelligent power consumption technology based on “active load” collaborative interaction (Hu et al., 2017). Ran Gu et al. (2015) extracted the feature vector of users, considered the user’s power consumption pattern as the label, and proposed a customer power consumption pattern recognition method based on the stacking model fusion framework. Wu and Li (2019) used an additive model to decompose the user’s power consumption to extract the trend, law, and holiday impact of power consumption and describe the user’s power consumption behavior by constructing module vectors. Yu et al. (2019) proposed a fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm for user power consumption patterns to realize the multi-attribute power consumption behavior patterns of different types of users in the integrated energy system. Guan et al. (2021) proposed an analysis method of user’s power consumption characteristics and behavior portrait based on the ks-rf algorithm. The clustering division results and feature labels are used to comprehensively portray and visually exhibit the user’s power consumption. Wang et al. (2018) proposed an optimal clustering strategy based on an accurate index and carried out experimental verification and analysis on the optimal clustering of users’ power consumption behavior. LVSAs are important to power consumption in the power grid. Research studies were conducted on LVSA load and line loss (Lu et al., 2018; Hongyu and Jianfeng, 2020), power consumption identification (Qingning et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021), and substation area health assessment (Yu et al., 2019). Hongyu and Jianfeng (2020) proposed a line loss analysis method based on a clustering algorithm. According to the correlation of voltage data acquired in the same LVSA, Zhang et al. (2021) estimated the LVSA ownership relationship by calculating the probability that the acquisition equipment identified with each classification. Hu et al. (2017) deduced the power consumption mode of unmonitored stations by clustering the power consumption data on stations and analyzing the relationship between their information. In general, the aforementioned literature studies are based on the specific samples of user behavior as classified data and use the clustering method to establish the user behavior portrait. At present, in the research of clustering in the analysis of users’ electricity consumption behavior, although the clustering algorithm has good maturity and rapidity, there are still some problems, such as general clustering accuracy and low efficiency in dealing with a large amount of data. This study proposes a data-driven method based on the cloud model theory, which can effectively deal with the high-dimensional characteristics and complex computing characteristics of running data. Finally, the concept of a cloud model represented by digital features is abstracted based on a certain number of sample data. Because the specific behavior samples of users are random, they were impossible to reflect the general portrait of user behavior from the universality. At the same time, the labels of user portraits are usually fuzzy, which should be considered in the clustering. In this study, the fuzzy label system is established, the fuzzy set generated by reverse cloud transformation is used, and the fuzzy object is benchmarked with the fuzzy label by using the fuzzy concept fit method so as to realize the generation of the image of the operation behavior of each component of the distribution network. This study presents a data-driven construction method of the distribution network operation image based on a cloud model, which can effectively extract the general operation characteristics of the distribution network. The proposed method can quantitatively reflect the general operation effect of the distribution network based on operation data, identify the shortcomings of distribution network operation, and play an important role in improving the quality and economy of distribution network operation.

In this study, a portrait construction scheme is established to describe MVDN and LVSA (LI et al., 2010; Song et al., 2019).. First, indexes of characteristics that can express the operation behavior of distribution feeders and LVSA are defined. A group of typical indexes are defined as the template of labels and expressed in fuzzy manners. The second step is sample collection. The indexes in the day period are treated as a sample, and the operation characteristics are represented in the day period. Characteristic indexes are extracted from operation data in the day period of the practical distributions. Multiple samples can be obtained from data on the whole history days. Then, the samples are regarded as cloud droplets and input to the reverse cloud generator to get the parameters of the cloud model, namely, the common indexes of all samples. Last, the fuzzy distance between the obtained cloud model parameters and the template is calculated, through weighted summation to obtain the grades of the operation status, and the grades are used as portrait descriptions of the distribution networks. Clearly, the grades are with exact physical meaning and objective basis. The main innovations of this study are as follows:

(1) A data-driven method to extract the operation portrait of distribution networks based on the cloud model is proposed. The daily operation index of the distribution network is characterized as cloud droplets, and a group of droplets are statistics using the reverse cloud algorithm to obtain the general index of the distribution network.

(2) The fuzzy distance is used to measure the closeness between the practical index of distribution networks and a given label template, and the portraits expressed in grades to evaluate the distribution network can be calculated through fuzzy distance.

(3) Multi-dimensional characteristics of the daily sample are established with which to represent the operation quality of the distribution network.

2 Label Template Construction of the Medium Voltage Distribution Network 2.1 Index of the Medium Voltage Distribution Networks 2.1.1 Power Consumption indexes of the Low-Voltage Station Area

The power consumption indexes of the LVSA are analyzed in the day period and expressed by a characteristic vector reflecting daily power consumption features. The indexes should not only ensure completion but also the redundancy minimized. The completeness is to ensure that indexes can distinguish various load waveforms. Referred to the studies by Lu et al. (2018); Hongyu and Jianfeng (2020); and Zhang et al. (2021), this study uses the ratio of loading (RL), the ratio of peak and valley difference (PVD), the ratio of loading in peak period (LPP), the ratio of loading in valley period (LVP), and the ratio of loading in flat period (LFP) as the power consumption index of the LVSA. Moreover, considering the peak load getting larger in recent years, this study uses the ratio of peak power contribution (PPC) and the ratio of peak energy contribution (PEC) to reflect the contributions of the LVSA to the peak loads. See Table 1 for the definition of each index. Here, P(t) is the power at time t, P N, P max, P min, P pk, and P ave are the power of rated, maximum, minimum, and average of daily load in the LVSA, respectively, and t is the duration of the whole day, t 1, t 3, t 5, and t 7 are the start time of daily moments of peak load, valley load, flat load, and top load, respectively, and t 2, t 4, t 6, and t 8 are the end moments of those. RL is the ratio of LVSA real consumed energy in a day divided by energy consumption in the installed capacity. PVD reflects the varying peak and valley powers of a day. LPP, LVP, and LFP reflect the power consumption in peak, valley, and flat periods. PPC uses the maximum power in the peak period excluding the average power of the LVSR to reflect the power contribution to the top loads. PEC reflects the contribution of the LVSR to top energy consumption. The power consumptions are different in regions, grids and seasons; the peak, valley, and flat moments are different correspondingly. For example, in the summer of Hebei province, 0:00–8:00 are valley periods, and 12:00–18:00 are peaks, and other periods are flats.

Indexes for LVSA.

Index name Index symbol Index definition
RL x 1 ∫ 0 T P ( t ) d t / ( P N T )
PVD x 2 ( P max − P min ) / P N
LPP x 3 ∫ t 1 t 2 P ( t ) d t / [ P N ( t 2 − t 1 ) ]
LVP x 4 ∫ t 3 t 4 P ( t ) d t / [ P N ( t 4 − t 3 ) ]
LFP x 5 ∫ t 5 t 6 P ( t ) d t / [ P N ( t 6 − t 5 ) ]
PPC x 6 ( P p k − P a v e ) / P N
PEC x 7 ∫ t 7 t 8 [ P ( t ) − P a v e ] d t / [ P N ( t 8 − t 7 ) ]
2.1.2Loading Indexes of MV Feeders

The loading of distribution feeders is vital to evaluate the construction and operation of the MVDN. Operation indexes of distribution feeders are mainly affected by the consumption behavior of the LVSA’s connect to it. In order to reflect the operation characteristics of MVDN, this study establishes the portraits of distribution feeders in addition to the LVSAs.

In this study, the ratio of average loading (AL), the ratio of heavy loading (HL), the ratio of light loading (LL), the ratio of energy transferred (ET), and the time of loading violation (TLV) are selected as the characteristic indexes of distribution lines, and the functional attributes of distribution lines are considered. The definitions of indexes are shown in Table 2. The AL reflects the utilization rate of the MVDN feeders. The HL and LL reflect the extreme state of the feeder loads. ET refers to the active energy transmitted by the line in 1 day. TVL means the times that the line loading violates the threshold.

Indexes for MV feeders.

Index name Index symbol Index definition
AL x 8 ∫ 0 T S ( t ) d t / ( S N T )
HL x 9 S max / S N
LL x 10 S min / S N
ET x 11 ∫ 0 T P ( t ) d t / ( S N T )
TVL x 12 K T 0 / T

In Table 2, S(t) and P(t)are the apparent power and active power of the line at time t. S N, S max, and S min are the rated, maximum, and minimum apparent power of the line, respectively, K is the number of times the line loading violate the threshold, and T 0 is the acquisition interval of data.

 2.2 Label Templates and Fuzzy Disposals

Characteristic indexes defined in Tables 1, 2 reflect the operation of LVSA and feeder loading of MVDN and can be calculated through the daily operation data on the MVDN. However, the characteristic indexes can give only the quantity, lack of direct understanding of the index value in conceptual levels. The labels are the conceptual meanings given to the indexes in different values. Label templates are aggregations of normalized labels.

The indexes established in Tables 1, 2 have different attributes. Among these, RL, LVP, and LFP are benefit indexes. The indexes tend to be better with greater values. PDV, LPP, PPC, and PEC are cost indexes. The indexes tend to be better with fewer values. Each index should be equally divided into four levels according to the possible value of the index; the levels are labeled with “A, B, C, and D”. This process has provided the value segment of indexes with meanings and therefore implemented the construction of label templates according to the index values. Obviously, the labels are with the fuzzy attribute, and it is necessary to translate labels into fuzzy expressions. The typical membership functions include rectangular, triangular, and trapezoidal piecewise linear functions. This study adopts a triangular distributed membership function. For benefit indexes, the membership distribution of labels is shown in Figure 1. For cost indexes, the membership distribution of labels is shown in Figure 2. In Figure 1 and Figure 2, x is the index value, and b 1∼b 4 are the segment points of the membership functions of benefit indexes. Here, c 1∼c 4 are the segment points of the membership functions of cost indexes. The membership functions of benefit indexes are shown in Eq. 1 through Eq. 3. Cost indexes are similar to Eq. 1 through Eq. 3. Details are neglected。 μ i ( x i ) = { 1 , x i < b 1 , b 2 − x i b 2 − b 1 , b 1 ≤ x i ≤ b 2 , 0 , x i > b 2 . μ i ( x i ) = { 0 , x i < b 1 , x i − b 1 b 2 − b 1 , b 1 ≤ x i < b 2 , b 3 − x i b 3 − b 2 , b 2 ≤ x i < b 3 , 0 , x i ≥ b 3 . μ i ( x i ) = { 0 , x i < b 2 , x i − b 2 b 3 − b 2 , b 2 ≤ x i < b 3 , b 4 − x i b 4 − b 3 , b 3 ≤ x i < b 4 , 0 , x i ≥ b 4 . μ i ( x i ) = { 0 , x i < b 3 , x i − b 3 b 4 − b 3 , b 3 ≤ x i ≤ b 4 , 1 , x i > b 4 .

Membership distribution of the benefit type index.

Membership distribution of the cost type index.

The parameters of the membership function are usually determined subjectively or objectively. The competent method is determined according to the scores of experts. The results depend on the experience of experts and are subjective. The objective strategy gives determination through experiments or measurements. In this study, the objective strategy is used to determine the membership function. The MVDN operating platform records a large amount of operating data. Certain historical data of the typical MVDN are selected as statistical samples, and the indexes of statistical samples are calculated, respectively, and these index data are sorted in descending orders. The membership parameters b 1∼b 4 or c 1∼c 4 are determined of each index according to the percentages shown in Table 3.

Indicator value corresponding to percentage orders.

Percentage 10% 40% 70% 100%
Benefit type b 1 b 2 b 3 b 4
Cost type c 1 c 2 c 3 c 4
3 Uncertainty Modeling of the Medium Voltage Distribution Network Based on Reverse Cloud 3.1 Principle of the Cloud Model

Cloud model theory (Wu et al., 2016) is a tool to uncertain transformation mutually between the data samples and the concept domain based on fuzzy theory and probability theory. In some cases, the large quantitative historical samples can be obtained, but the general rule cannot be obtained directly, while in other cases, the exact historical samples cannot be obtained and can only be described qualitatively in conceptual fuzzy language. The cloud model is a method to realize the mutual generation of fuzzy qualitative concepts and accurate numerical samples. The samples are called cloud droplets, and the concepts deduced from the droplets are characterized by cloud model parameters. The cloud model consists of three parameters, Ex, En, and He, respectively. Ex is the expectation of the cloud, which reflects the center of gravity of the collected cloud droplets, and is composed of the points that can best represent the qualitative concept in the number domain space. En is the entropy of the cloud and represents the uncertainty of the cloud concept. It is the measurement of fuzzy and random concepts. Also, He is hyper entropy, and it represents the dispersing property of a concept.

The normal cloud model is predominating in expression and applications, which is developed from the basis of normal distribution and fuzzy membership function. It is universal and is the most widely used form of the cloud model. The conversion algorithm of the cloud model is called cloud generator (CG), which includes a forward cloud generator and a reverse cloud generator. The process of generating a specific number of cloud droplets from the given cloud model parameters is called the forward cloud generator. The process of inducing qualitative concepts from the cloud droplet set is called the reverse cloud generator. As shown in Figure 3, the reverse cloud generator is a conversion algorithm from quantitative samples to a qualitative concept and abstracts the cloud model represented by features based on the sample data.

Reverse cloud generator

The input of the reverse cloud generator is the quantitative value of N cloud droplets and the uncertainty ( x i , μ i ) of each cloud droplet, and the output is the expected value Ex, and entropy En and hyper entropy He of the qualitative concept are represented by N cloud droplets. The algorithm is as follows:

(1) The sample mean X ¯ = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n x i is calculated; the first-order sample absolute central moment is 1 n ∑ i = 1 n | x i − X ¯ | , and the sample variance is S 2 = 1 n − 1 ∑ i = 1 n ( x i − X ¯ ) 2 from x i ;

(2) Expectations are calculated as follows:

 E x = X ¯ .

(3) The entropy is calculated according to Eq. 6;

 E n = π 2 × 1 n ∑ i = 1 n | x i − X ¯ | .

(4) The hyper entropy is calculated according to Eq. 7.

 H e = S 2 − E n 2 .

3.2 Sample Modeling of the Medium Voltage Distribution Network and Low-Voltage Station Area With the Cloud Model

The operation of the MVDN is uncertain and changes with seasons and other external conditions. It is difficult to properly describe the operation characteristics in different situations. In this study, the portrait models of MVDN with different time scales are established, the yearly portrait is used to represent the MVDN characteristics of a year, and the quarterly or monthly portrait is used to represent the characteristics on the time scale of a quarter or month, and the portraits of the MVDN with different time scales are established. This study adopts the cloud model data-driven method. The historical samples are used in multi-time domain samples such as year, quarter, and month as the data source. Portraits of different time scales need to be driven by corresponding historical operation data. Year portraits are established with historical year data. Quarterly or monthly portraits can also be established with quarterly or monthly data. The steps of establishing models with different time scales based on the cloud model data-driven method are as follows:

(1) Construction of the sample sequence. Let the sample sequence be analyzed as X = ( X 1 , X 2 , ⋯ , X k , ⋯ , X N ) , X k is a sample in a day. The total number of samples is n. Suppose we take Y years' historical data as the utilized data, then the sample dimensions are N = 365 × Y for yearly portrait, N = 90 × Y for quarterly portrait, and N = 30 × Y for monthly portrait.

(2) Calculation of the index value of the samples. For each sample of the sample sequences, the index x 1 ∼ x 12 is calculated, respectively according to the definitions in Tables 1, 2 so as to obtain the index vector X k = ( x 1 k , x 2 k , ⋯ , x 12 k ) of daily sample k. One cloud drop is therefore produced.

(3) Calculation of the cloud model parameters. The values x i ( i = 1,2 , ⋯ , 12 ) for index I is a cloud droplet; the cloud model expectation, entropy, and hyper entropy of the index are calculated according to Eqs 5–7 for N cloud droplets of the sample sequence X.

(4) Calculation of the membership of the cloud model μ i . The cloud model described with parameters has no definite boundary but has an overall shape. The expected curve of the cloud can be determined according to the parameters of the cloud model, as shown in Eq. 8. The expectation curve represents the expectation of the distribution of cloud droplets. Therefore, the expectation curve of the cloud can be used to represent the membership degree of cloud droplets belonging to concept Exi so as to obtain the fuzzy concept ( E x i , μ i ) of the index x i .

 μ i = e − ( x i − E x i ) 2 2 E n i 2 .

(5) Steps Eqs 3, 4 are repeated to obtain the fuzzy concept ( E x 1 , μ 1 ) ∼ ( E x 12 , μ 12 ) of each characteristic index based on n data.

The processes mentioned earlier for MVDN indexes are also applicable to LVSAs. LVSA data can be used to establish the LVSA indexes with the same process mentioned earlier.

 4 Behavior Portrait of the Medium Voltage Distribution Network

In Section 2, label templates are established for each index, which provides a reference system for the evaluation of label attributes of the MVDN. In 3.2, by using the reverse cloud generator, a statistical and fuzzy description of MVDN is summarized. This section provides the matching of the label to the cloud model to realize the MVDN mapping.

Let the label template be represented in a fuzzy power set { A i } , i = 1,2,3,4 . The operation index generated by the reverse cloud is represented by the fuzzy set B. Then, the problem is transformed to analyze the relationship between the fuzzy set B and fuzzy set A i . As mentioned earlier, when establishing the membership function of the label, the statistical ordering is adopted so that the label can be scored with the ranking represented by the label. Expressed in 10 grading scale, let A 1 be 10 scores, A 2 be 7, A 3 be 4, and A 4 be 1. The score represents the operation quality of the MVDN under the given index. In this study, the fuzzy distance is used for weight. The fuzzy distance between two sets is usually calculated by Hamming Distance. The expression of Hamming distance is shown in Eq. 9. D ( A i , B ) = 1 x 2 − x 1 ∫ x 1 x 2 | A i ( x ) − B ( x ) | d x .

The distance D ( A i , B ) between B and A i is calculated according to equation (9). If the score of A i is G ( A i ) and B is between A i and A j , the weighted score of B is G ( B ) = G ( A i ) D ′ ( A j , B ) D ( A i , A j ) + G ( A j ) D ′ ( A i , B ) D ( A i , A j ) , where D ′ ( A i , B ) and D ′ ( A j , B ) are the projections of distances D ( A i , B ) and D ( A j , B ) composed of fuzzy sets A i and A j , respectively, which are calculated according to Eqs 11, 12, respectively. D ′ ( A i , B ) = D 2 ( A i , A j ) + D 2 ( A i , B ) − D 2 ( A j , B ) 2 D ( A i , A j ) , D ′ ( A j , B ) = D 2 ( A i , A j ) + D 2 ( A j , B ) − D 2 ( A i , B ) 2 D ( A i , A j ) .

According to Eq. 10, the score of concept B can be obtained. The meaning of the score is to represent the ranking of the operation level of the MVDN in the general statistical sense and can also qualitatively represent the “A, B, C, and D” levels. The scores of all indexes are calculated according to Eq. 10 to obtain the portrait of the MVDN for all indexes.

The operation of MVDN is random and uncertain; therefore the established portraits are also dispersed. The more the MVDN operation is uncertain, the disperser the portraits are. The cloud model parameters can describe the uncertainty of MVDN operation. In this study, the variance is used to represent the uncertainty of the MVDN. According to the cloud model, the variance is calculated as Eq. 13. D X = E n 2 + H e 2 .

5 Example Analysis 5.1 Case 1

The example of the IEEE 33-node power network is used, and the LVSA portraits are taken as an example for analysis. The structure of the IEEE 33 MVDN is shown in Figure 4. The rated capacity of the LVSA is 400kVA, and the rated capacity of the feeders is 6MVA equally. A total of 2,190 days of load data from 1 January 2009, to 31 December 2014 were used with 96 per day. However, 33 sets of day load data were randomly obtained as typical load curves for 33 LVSAs. For example, the day load curve for LVSA 1 is shown in Figure 5. The day load of 33 LVSAs was calculated, and seven sets of the index were obtained for each station. The index of LVSA 1 is in Table 4 limited to the length of the study; the rest of the LVSAs are not listed. A random number is selected with the same probability from the range of −15% ∼ +15% for indexes of LVSAs. Then, 3,000 sets of data were obtained from LVSA and from 3,000 samples or cloud droplets. The membership parameters of benefit and cost indices are obtained by sorting 3,000 sets of sample data and 99,000 sets of sample data from 33 LVSAs in each area according to Table 3, as shown in Table 4.

IEEE33 MVDN structure diagram.

Day load curve of LVSA 1

Membership parameters of the benefit index and cost index in LVSA 1

Index Excellent Good Secondary Difference
x 1 0.8442 0.6122 0.5344 0.4006
x 2 0.1893 0.2993 0.3522 0.8125
x 3 0.4754 0.6418 0.7349 0.9844
x 4 0.7364 0.5121 0.4404 0.3379
x 5 0.8261 0.5976 0.5214 0.3937
x 6 0.0909 0.1378 0.1646 0.2657
x 7 0.3848 0.5152 0.5959 0.8045

Input 3,000 samples randomly generated from each LVSA to the cloud model of the reverse cloud generator. The cloud model parameters for each index of LVSA 1 are obtained as shown in Table 5. Similarly, the cloud model parameters of the whole distribution network can be obtained, as shown in Table 6.

Cloud model parameters of various indexes in LVSA 1

Index Ex En He
x 1 0.5515 0.1169 0.0414
x 2 0.3085 0.0840 0.0188
x 3 0.6579 0.1428 0.0513
x 4 0.4624 0.1008 0.0310
x 5 0.5379 0.1132 0.0413
x 6 0.1442 0.0393 0.0030
x 7 0.5342 0.1193 0.0432

Cloud model parameters for the IEEE 33 power distribution system.

Index Ex En He
x 1 0.6525 0.1288 0.0435
x 2 0.4146 0.0956 0.0206
x 3 0.6083 0.1676 0.0596
x 4 0.5267 0.1764 0.0445
x 5 0.6396 0.1957 0.0622
x 6 0.1978 0.0482 0.0144
x 7 0.7647 0.1368 0.0513

By substituting the aforementioned data into the Eqs 9, 10, the score of indexes for LVSA 1 (node 1) is obtained, as shown in Figure 6. Similarly, we can get the score of each index of other LVSAs.

Score of each index of LVSA 1

 5.2 Case 2

Taking an actual distribution network in Hebei as an example, the algorithm in this study is tested by monitoring and recording data of the actual distribution network. The structure of the actual distribution network is shown in Figure 7, which contains 60 LVSA and 40 lines. The SCADA system of the distribution network monitors and records the operation data of each LVSA and each line in real time, and the data interval is 15 min. Due to the limited monitoring data, this study only constructs the annual portrait based on the recorded data of LVSA and MV feeders from January to 1 December 2021, with a total of 21,600 group LVSA group station samples and 14,600 group feeder characteristic samples. The LVSA sample data and feeder sample data are input into the cloud model as cloud droplets, respectively, and the general operation status of each station area and line of the distribution network, that is, the portrait of the distribution network, is obtained. The parameters of the distribution network cloud model obtained in this example are shown in Table 7. According to the cloud model parameters and a standard template, the scores of each index of the distribution network can be obtained, as shown in Table 8.

Real distribution network structure diagram.

Cloud model parameters for the real power distribution system.

Index Ex En He
x 1 0.7353 0.2348 0.0341
x 2 0.4572 0.2103 0.0132
x 3 0.7644 0.1398 0.0387
x 4 0.4960 0.0957 0.0397
x 5 0.5978 0.1369 0.0763
x 6 0.3018 0.2410 0.0218
x 7 0.81465 0.1249 0.0609
X 8 0.4688 0.2360 0.0437
x 9 0.5247 0.3096 0.0428
x 10 0.6906 0.1762 0.0613
x 11 0.3184 0.1292 0.0592
x 12 0.5766 0.2035 0.0458

Score of the index for the real power distribution system.

Index x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 x 9 x 10 x 11 x 12
Score 7.72 8.29 6.03 6.95 8.22 8.67 4.83 6.18 9.08 7.73 6.91 7.46

It can be seen that the proposed scheme is able to construct portraits of the MVDN. Since the reverse cloud is used for data-driven operation modeling, the portrait-making processes are effective and depict the MVDN in detail. Based on the label templates, index portraits are characterized in grade, which can make the portraits more detailed.

 6 Conclusion

This study presents a data-driven construction method of the distribution network operation image based on the cloud model and draws the following main conclusions: 1. it can effectively extract the general operation characteristics of the distribution network in different time scales; 2. calculate the fuzzy distance between the label template and the fuzzy set of the general running state generated by the cloud model and get the portrait parameters expressed by the characteristic values, which have clear physical meaning. The proposed method can quantitatively reflect the general operation effect of the distribution network based on the operation data, identify the shortcomings of distribution network operation, and play an important role in improving the quality and economy of distribution network operation. This study gives a variety of characteristic operation portraits of LVSAs and feeders, which are characterized by scores. However, how to cluster LVSAs and feeders according to general operation portraits and find the weak points of distribution network operation should be further studied. The mechanism on how to apply the distribution network portrait method proposed in this study to the distribution network management system needs to be studied. This study evaluates the running status of LVSAs and feeders by scoring, but the selection of the scoring system depends on the statistics of running big data and is influenced by statistical data with diversity and subjectivity.

 Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

 Author Contributions

JL: work concept or data collection; HF: preparation, creation, and presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation); TL and XH: model design and simulation and statistical, mathematical, and computational applications; LW and SJ made revisions to the study, critical review, commentary, or revision—including pre-publication stages.

 Funding

This work was supported in part by the Technology Project of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Company Ltd. (kj2021-001) and in part by the S&T Program of Hebei (20314301D).

 Conflict of Interest

Authors JJ, TL, XH, and LW were employed by the company Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Hebei Electric Power Supply Co., Ltd. Authors HF and SJ were employed by the company State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co., Ltd.

 Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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