The development of CCUS technology has gone through the process of technology birth, development, and future commercial application (Li, 2022). In general, the development of CCUS technology is relatively early, as early as 1952, Wharton et al. achieved CO₂ enhanced recovery and obtained the patent (Stalkup, 1978). The first CO₂ injection project was implemented in the United States in 1964 (Stalkup, 1978). In 1972, the U.S. began to apply carbon dioxide flooding commercially (Stalkup, 1978). In 1989, MIT initiated the first carbon capture and burial project (Chai, 2013). Since then, CCUS technology has started to receive widespread attention and research work worldwide.

Compared with developed countries in Europe and the United States, China’s CCUS technology has developed late, but in recent years it has developed rapidly. Early on, China focused more on CCS, and under the guidance of relevant national policies, domestic universities and researchers institutions have carried out many researches and demonstration work around this technology, and the carbon policy has gradually changed from CCS to CCUS. It can be said that CCUS technology is the new development trend of CCS technology, compared with CCS Compared with CCS, CCUS can resource CO₂, reduce emissions and output at the same time, which has both environmental, economic and social benefits, and is highly feasible.

Currently, globally, CCUS technology is developing rapidly, with more than 130 CCUS-related facilities under construction and in operation worldwide as of September 2021, a significant increase compared to 2020. Meanwhile, there is an upward trend in the scale of facilities, CO₂ capture volume, and industrial clustering.

Although China’s CCUS technology has made great progress in recent years (Chen, 2013), most of the current domestic CCUS projects are dominated by 100,000t level capture capacity (Cheng et al., 2017), and the main project table is shown in Table 1 (Zhao et al., 2021).

In addition to the above-mentioned completed 10,000t-100,000t-scale projects, compared with the global leading level. There are more than 10 large-scale CCUS projects planned to be completed and put into operation in China (Li et al., 2011), including the 2000000t level like Shanxi International Energy Group CCUS project, Shenhua Ordos coal-to-oil project, Huaneng Green Coal IGCC Project Phase III and many 1000000t level projects, but most of these projects were later or cancelled due to economic benefits, technical support and other issues. To change this situation, we need to further promote the development of basic research work and professional technology research and development to achieve CCUS technology industrialized development (Mi and Ma, 2019).

CCUS means that the carbon dioxide emitted from the production process will be purified and subsequently put into a new production process that can be recycled, rather than simply sequestered. The specific process is shown in Figure 1.

It is a mature systemic technology that includes three major components: CO₂ capture, transportation, and utilization and burial, each of which has a separate technical system and theoretical basis.

CO₂ capture technology refers to the separation and collection of CO₂ produced in industrial production, or the separation of oxygen from air for oxygen-enriched combustion to increase the concentration of CO₂ in flue gas, thus reducing the difficulty of capture and energy consumption. At present, domestic and foreign CO₂ capture mainly includes pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxygen-enriched combustion capture three technical solutions (Fang and Song, 2009), of which post-combustion capture is the more mature and widely used technical route. Pre-combustion capture is mainly used to generate syngas (H₂ and CO) through chemical reactions, convert CO and H₂O into CO₂ and H₂ through further conversion reactions, then separate CO₂. It is mainly used in natural gas boilers and coal-fired power plants, includes several technical methods such as adsorption separation, absorption separation and membrane separation. Oxyfuel combustion method mainly uses pure oxygen or oxygen/carbon dioxide mixture instead of air for combustion, and the removal of nitrogen can produce high purity CO₂ after combustion for direct storage, which has a greater advantage over general combustion air (Xie 2021).

CO₂ transportation technology is relatively mature and can be realized by pipeline transportation, tanker transportation and ship transportation. Pipeline transportation is usually the most inexpensive way to transport CO₂ on land by applying high pressure and transporting it in liquid or supercritical state, and it is mostly used for long-distance transportation, and North America has already realized long-distance pipeline transportation of CO₂ over 8000 km, and the transportation volume is large, which is the most important transportation method. Tanker and ship transportation is similar to LPG and LNG transportation, which is smaller in scale compared to pipelines but more flexible, especially when there are multiple offshore storage facilities that can receive CO₂. The flexibility of ship transport could also facilitate the development of CO₂ capture hubs (regional clusters), which would be able to be connected or converted into a more permanent pipeline network as the volume of CO₂ grows.

CO₂ utilization and storage is to utilize CO₂ geologically or inject it into deep strata by industrial means, to enhance oil, gas, water and other resources extraction and to achieve permanent CO₂ storage. The main storage methods are onshore storage and offshore storage. China has made great development in geological utilization and storage technology in recent years, but there is still an obvious gap compared with the world’s advanced level, especially in CO₂ enhanced oil recovery, which is still in the industrial demonstration stage, while some developed countries have formed mature commercial applications.

From the statistical data, it can be seen that the global goal of carbon reduction and emission reduction has driven the CCUS industry into a fast-growing track, with the world’s CCUS industry investment scale approaching USD 3 billion in 2020, showing a significant increase compared to USD 800 million in 2018 and USD 1 billion in 2019, and taking into account China’s “coal-rich, oil-poor, and gas-poor” resource storage status and the irreversible trend of global energy low-carbon transition, accelerating the development of CCUS industry has become an inevitable choice to support China’s energy security.

A comprehensive analysis of the actual situation shows that there is still a lot of resistance and challenges to achieve large-scale development in the CCUS industry in China: ①Economic aspects. The ultimate goal of CCUS is to achieve emission reduction, but the inability to benefit from emission reduction after spending huge amounts of money will affect the enthusiasm of enterprises to carry out demonstration projects. In addition, the high costs of tankers, ships, and pipeline network deployment during CO₂ transportation also limit to some extent the promotion of CCUS technology. ②Technical aspects. Although some experimental demonstration projects have been carried out in China, they are small in scale, and the whole is in the R&D and experimental stage. Large-scale demonstration projects are delayed or cancelled for various reasons, which seriously hinders the promotion and application of CCUS technology. The environmental and safety aspects of CCUS capture and transportation are mostly liquid CO₂ or supercritical CO₂ at high concentration and pressure, and any accident such as leakage during capture, transportation and storage will have serious impact on the environment and personal safety, especially the environmental impact caused by geological complexity seriously restricts the recognition and acceptance of CCUS. This requires the development of a whole process and stage risk prevention and control program for safety issues throughout the CCUS process.