AUTHOR=Vershinina Olga , Sabbatinelli Jacopo , Bonfigli Anna Rita , Colombaretti Dalila , Giuliani Angelica , Krivonosov Mikhail , Trukhanov Arseniy , Franceschi Claudio , Ivanchenko Mikhail , Olivieri Fabiola 

TITLE=Explainable artificial intelligence model predicting the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1689312

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2025.1689312

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a highly prevalent non-communicable chronic disease that substantially reduces life expectancy. Accurate estimation of all-cause mortality risk in T2DM patients is crucial for personalizing and optimizing treatment strategies.MethodsThis study analyzed a cohort of 554 patients (aged 40–87 years) with diagnosed T2DM over a maximum follow-up period of 16.8 years, during which 202 patients (36%) died. Key survival-associated features were identified, and multiple machine learning (ML) models were trained and validated to predict all-cause mortality risk. To improve model interpretability, Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) was applied to the best-performing model.ResultsThe extra survival trees (EST) model, incorporating ten key features, demonstrated the best predictive performance. The model achieved a C-statistic of 0.776, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.86, 0.80, 0.841, and 0.826 for 5-, 10-, 15-, and 16.8-year all-cause mortality predictions, respectively. The SHAP approach was employed to interpret the model’s individual decision-making processes.ConclusionThe developed model exhibited strong predictive performance for mortality risk assessment. Its clinically interpretable outputs enable potential bedside application, improving the identification of high-risk patients and supporting timely treatment optimization.