AUTHOR=Zhu Xi , Zhang Qi , Wang Linghui , Xu Shuting , Gong Enmei , Zhou Bin , Wu Yong , Li Zhouting , Zhao Yanjie , Li Shuhui , Cheng Feng , Zhu Lei 

TITLE=Precision stratified treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism based on multilevel emerging biomarkers

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Endocrinology

VOLUME=Volume 16 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2025.1688399

DOI=10.3389/fendo.2025.1688399

ISSN=1664-2392

ABSTRACT=Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a clinically heterogeneous endocrine disorder whose management has historically been guided by biochemical profiles and symptomatic presentation. However, the limitations of conventional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies—including poor sensitivity in detecting subclinical organ damage and an inability to predict disease progression—have underscored the need for a more nuanced, biomarker-driven approach. Recent advances in multi-omics technologies, functional imaging, and artificial intelligence have enabled the emergence of precision medicine paradigms for PHPT. This review synthesizes evidence on the role of multilevel biomarkers—spanning genetic, epigenetic, non-coding RNA, metabolic, and imaging domains—in refining risk stratification and guiding individualized treatment. We further propose an integrated framework that combines dynamic biomarker profiling with multidisciplinary team (MDT)-based decision-making to facilitate personalized intervention pathways—from surgical planning to long-term surveillance. Despite promising developments, clinical translation remains challenged by the lack of standardized biomarker validation and integrative analytical platforms. Future efforts should prioritize collaborative networks and large-scale prospective studies to establish evidence-based guidelines for implementing precision medicine in PHPT.