AUTHOR=Walsh Marguerite E. , Matsumura Lindsay Clare , Schunn Christian D. , Zook-Howell Dena 

TITLE=Supporting experts to develop experts: identifying critical components of mental simulations as a tool for teacher professional learning

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Education

VOLUME=Volume 10 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1640545

DOI=10.3389/feduc.2025.1640545

ISSN=2504-284X

ABSTRACT=Adaptive expertise is central to teachers’ ability to facilitate ambitious, “student-centered” instruction in K-12 classrooms. Teachers are supported to develop adaptive expertise when they are provided opportunities to build their pedagogical knowledge and reasoning skills in authentic, “practice-based” professional learning contexts. In this article, we illustrate in depth how one empirically supported routine, Mental Simulations for Teacher Reflection (MSTR), can facilitate this learning in a video-based instructional coaching context. Using case study analytic techniques, we specifically identify the finer-grain subcomponents involved in an expert-facilitated MSTR routine and show how they are orchestrated using an illustrative vignette of a post-lesson reflective coaching conversation. We also provide a detailed description of the theoretical and empirical foundations of MSTR as a routine for developing adaptive teaching expertise. By elucidating and unpacking the detailed processes that underlie robust enactment of MSTR, we contribute insights that can help advance more consistent and high-quality teacher learning in similar kinds of reflection-based learning contexts.