Plant biotechnology is a rapidly advancing that integrates genetic engineering, molecular sciences and applied chemistry to address major global challenges in agriculture, environmental sustainability, and human health (Fernie and Sonnewald, 2021; Halpin et al., 2023). Advances in recombinant protein production, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology have enabled plant systems to serve as platforms for the generation of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, industrial enzymes, and biofuels. As priorities such as food security, climate resilience, and public health drive research, there is a growing demand for a biotechnology workforce equipped with hands-on training in plant molecular technologies (Buyel, 2024).

Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (PUIs) play a pivotal role in cultivating the next generation of scientists and biotechnologists by offering students early exposure to authentic research. However, they often encounter barriers to implementing plant biotechnology programs due to limited funding, restricted laboratory infrastructure, and the requirement to align experimental timelines with academic semesters (Wang, 2017).

A key constraint in traditional plant biotechnology is its reliance on stable genetic transformation, a process that can take several months to years to generate transgenic plants from sterile tissue culture (Su et al., 2023). This technique demands substantial resources, including tissue culture facilities, controlled growth chambers, and specialized technical skills (Table 1). This complexity makes it impractical for most PUIs.

Plant viral vector-based transient expression systems offer a compelling alternative. Using engineered plant viruses—such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV, Santoni et al., 2024), Potato Virus X (PVX, Ariga et al., 2020), or geminivirus-based vectors like Bean Yellow Dwarf Virus (BeYDV, Diamos et al., 2020)—these platforms can deliver genes of interest in plant tissues without genomic integration or tedious sterile tissue culture process. This enables rapid, high-yield production of recombinant proteins within 3 to 7 days, depending on the vector used (e.g., as early as 3 days with BeYDV) (Vergish et al., 2024) (Figure 1).

Transient expression systems are now recognized as reproducible, scalable platforms for applications including functional genomics, enzyme engineering, and plant-based biopharmaceutical development (Golubova et al., 2024). By integrating transient expression systems into undergraduate research and coursework, PUIs can significantly broaden student engagement in modern plant biotechnology.

A comparison of transient and stable transformation methods is provided in the Table 1.

Plant transient expression systems can generate observable research outcomes within a week, making them particularly well suited for implementation at PUIs, where semester-based timelines often limit the scope of experimental work (Figure 1).

To successfully implement plant virus vector-based transient expression at PUIs, only minimal but essential laboratory resources are required (Dahlberg et al., 2021; Waddell et al., 2021). These materials and equipment include:

Tobacco species serve as ideal model plants for transient expression studies at PUIs due to their non-food crop status, which reduces the risk of food chain contamination and mitigates public concern regarding genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Their compatibility with open laboratory environments and ease of cultivation further enhance their suitability for undergraduate research. Combined with the minimal infrastructure required for viral vector-based transient expression, these systems provide an accessible, safe, and effective platform for training students in molecular biology, synthetic biology, protein engineering, and plant-based biomanufacturing—often leading to publishable research outcomes (Dickey et al., 2017).

In semester-based laboratory courses, instructors can incorporate transient expression modules to teach key techniques such as gene optimization, DNA cloning, bacterial inoculation, protein purification, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting. These experiences not only enhance learning outcomes but also provide students with marketable skills relevant to biotechnology and biomedical research.

A well-designed 16-week lab course (Figure 2) incorporating transient expression can lead to tangible student achievements, including data suitable for presentations, manuscript preparation, or preliminary results for grant proposals—greatly enriching their academic and professional development.

Establishing and sustaining a plant transient expression platform at PUIs requires targeted external funding. Multiple federal, state, and private agencies offer grant opportunities focused on undergraduate research, especially in biotechnology, biomedical education, and hands-on student training.

At the federal level in the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) supports PUIs through programs such as Research in Undergraduate Institutions (NSF-RUI) and Research Experiences for Undergraduates (NSF-REU). The National Institutes of Health (NIH) also offers support through the IDeA Networks of Biomedical Research Excellence (INBRE) and Academic Research Enhancement Awards (AREA R15/R16). Additionally, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides funding for undergraduate research projects that emphasize skill development, tangible research outcomes, and student-authored publications.

Regional programs like the Kentucky INBRE (KY-INBRE) offer substantial support to PUIs advancing biotechnology education. At the University of Pikeville (UPIKE), KY-INBRE funding—including Research Project Awards (RPA) and CUREs—has enabled successful implementation of plant transient expression platforms in biotechnology curricula. This support has provided students with valuable hands-on training in molecular biology and biotechnology techniques.

To advance biotechnology education and cultivate regional talent in Eastern Kentucky and the Appalachian area, the University of Pikeville (UPIKE), a Primarily Undergraduate Institution, launched a biotechnology laboratory course in spring 2024. Using a plant transient expression platform and basic laboratory infrastructure, the course was designed to provide students with authentic, research-based learning. Initially, students anticipated a traditional biology lab; however, just 3 days after agroinfiltration, they observed clear phenotypic changes—such as yellowing or necrosis—linked to foreign gene expression. This immediate, hands-on experience helped students quickly develop an intuitive understanding of molecular biotechnology and the gene-to-phenotype workflow.

Real-time expression outcomes—such as GFP fluorescence or visible leaf phenotypes, depending on the gene of interest—enhanced students' conceptual understanding of molecular biology and deepened their interest in research. The transient nature of gene expression prompted students to reflect on the dynamic behavior of biological systems, particularly how plants return to their original state as expression diminishes. For example, while GFP fluorescence may persist for 3–6 weeks post-agroinfiltration, the signal gradually fades as viral activity declines and tissue begins to senesce. Students also noted progressive yellowing in treated leaves due to viral infection, reinforcing the importance of detecting gene expression within specific time windows. These observations sparked valuable discussions around optimal sampling points, gene stability, and host responses—key concepts essential to effectively understanding and applying transient expression systems in plant biotechnology.

Students achieved proficiency in core course objectives, including experimental design, data interpretation, and scientific communication. These learning gains were reflected in a range of student-led scholarly outputs: eight students presented at the UPIKE Research Symposium and received Certificates of Excellence in Research; three students presented at the 6th Annual McNair-Ledford Undergraduate Research Symposium; four at the Kentucky Academy of Science Annual Meeting; and three at the KY-INBRE Second Annual Conference. Notably, three students received NIH/KY-INBRE travel awards to present at the 9th National IDeA Symposium of Biomedical Research Excellence (NISBRE) in Washington, DC—where they were awarded First Place for the Most Innovative Science Poster.

In addition, two gene sequences co-authored with students were successfully deposited in GenBank (accession numbers PV013638.1 and PQ432224), and students contributed to manuscript preparation, including this publication. These accomplishments reflect not only meaningful knowledge acquisition but also the development of research autonomy, technical proficiency, and scientific communication skills. Undergraduate co-authorship on this manuscript highlights a broader commitment to empowering students to engage meaningfully in the plant biotechnology community—especially within the context of Primarily Undergraduate Institutions (PUIs).

Taken together, these outcomes provide strong evidence that plant transient expression systems are not only technically feasible at PUIs but are also highly effective in fostering student learning, research engagement, and professional development. Continued strategic funding and collaborative partnerships will further enhance the research infrastructure at PUIs, promoting innovation and broader participation in plant biotechnology and biomedical research (Altman-Singles et al., 2023).

Virus vector-based transient expression systems represent a transformative approach for advancing plant biotechnology research and education at PUIs. Their low infrastructure requirements and streamlined protocols make them particularly well-suited for PUIs, facilitating a wide range of applications including capstone projects, independent studies, and innovative laboratory courses.

Looking forward, continued refinement and broader adoption of this technology will open new avenues in synthetic biology, plant-made pharmaceuticals, vaccine development, and metabolic engineering. PUIs are uniquely positioned to contribute to these emerging fields while preparing students to address real-world biotechnology challenges. By fostering collaboration and securing strategic funding, PUIs can expand their research capabilities and drive innovation in plant biotechnology and related disciplines.