AUTHOR=Cifaldi Daniele , Leone Guido , Mazza Davide , Revellino Paola 

TITLE=A new low-cost inclinometer for landslide related structural health monitoring

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Earth Science

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1662640

DOI=10.3389/feart.2025.1662640

ISSN=2296-6463

ABSTRACT=Monitoring activities are fundamental for properly assessing landslide dynamics and safety of infrastructures exposed to landslide risk. Considering the expense of professional instruments, building a dense sensor network to collect distributed data is often challenging. A low-cost Arduino©-based 3-axis inclinometer is presented here as an alternative and valuable solution for widespread monitoring on low-budget projects. This sensor was developed to perform structural health monitoring (SHM), and assess the damage level and its growth rate by measuring the angular rotations of structures. In particular, the device takes measurements along three directions (x, y and z-axes) in a full range of rotation and is characterized by very compact size and low power consumption. These characteristics represent major advantages compared to most professional inclinometers, which usually measure tilt angles along one or two directions in a range of less than 90°. The open-source Internet of Things (IoT) based instrument - equipped with capacitive 3D-MEMS technology (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) and developed with an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) digital interface chip, an online data sending system and local data storage - finds applications in several environmental settings. Preliminary field tests were carried out in different landslide contexts, to evaluate the reliability and versatility of use of the device.