AUTHOR=Barlow Stephen H. , Chicklore Sugama , He Yulan , Ourselin Sebastien , Wagner Thomas , Barnes Anna , Cook Gary J. R. 

TITLE=Open LLM-based actionable incidental finding extraction from [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT radiology reports

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Digital Health

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/digital-health/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082

DOI=10.3389/fdgth.2025.1702082

ISSN=2673-253X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionWe developed an open, large language model (LLM)-based pipeline to extract actionable incidental findings (AIFs) from [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG PET-CT) reports. This imaging modality often uncovers AIFs, which can affect a patient's treatment. The pipeline classifies reports for the presence of AIFs, extracts the relevant sentences, and stores the results in structured JavaScript Object Notation format, enabling use in both short- and long-term applications.MethodsTraining, validation, and test datasets of 1,999, 248, and 250 lung cancer [18F]FDG PET-CT reports, respectively, were annotated by a nuclear medicine physician. An external test dataset of 460 reports was annotated by two nuclear medicine physicians. The training dataset was used to fine-tune an LLM using QLoRA and chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. This was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively on both test datasets.ResultsThe pipeline achieved document-level F1 scores of 0.917 ± 0.016 and 0.79 ± 0.025 on the internal and external test datasets. At the sentence-level, F1 scores of 0.754 ± 0.011 and 0.522 ± 0.012 were recorded, and qualitative analysis demonstrated even higher practical utility. This qualitative analysis revealed how sentence-level performance is better in practice.DiscussionLlama-3.1-8B Instruct was the base LLM that provided the best combination of performance and computational efficiency. The utilisation of CoT prompting improved performance further. Radiology reporting characteristics such as length and style affect model generalisation.ConclusionWe find that a QLoRA-adapted LLM utilising CoT prompting successfully extracts AIF information at both document- and sentence-level from both internal and external PET-CT reports. We believe this model can assist with short-term clinical challenges like clinical alerts and reminders, and long-term tasks like investigating comorbidities.