Aim

Front. Dent. Med.

Frontiers in Dental Medicine

Front. Dent. Med.

2673-4915

Frontiers Media S.A.

10.3389/fdmed.2025.1665422

Dental Medicine

Original Research

Does orthodontic postgraduate education influence the choice of orthodontic treatment?

Saccomanno

Sabina

¹ ^† Saran

Stefano

² Petricca

Maria Teresa

³ Caramaschi

Elena

⁴ Ferrante

Laura

⁵ Inchingolo

Francesco

⁵ * ^† Inchingolo

Angelo Michele

⁵ ⁶ * Palermo

Andrea

⁷ Dipalma

Gianna

⁵ ^‡ Inchingolo

Alessio Danilo

⁵ ^‡

¹Department of Life Science, Health and Health Professions Link Italy, Rome, Italy ²Department of Human Sciences, Innovation and Territory, School of Dentistry, Postgraduate of orthodontics, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy ³Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University of Chieti -Pescara, Chieti, Italy ⁴Private Practice, Parma, Italy ⁵Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy ⁶Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan University, Milan, Italy ⁷Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy

Edited by: Abhiram Maddi, Medical University of South Carolina, United States

Reviewed by: Vincenzo Grassia, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy

Michele Tepedino, University of L'Aquila, Italy

*Correspondence: Francesco Inchingolo francesco.inchingolo@uniba.it Angelo Michele Inchingolo angelomichele.inchingolo@uniba.it ^†

These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

^‡

These authors have contributed equally to this work and share last authorship

07102025

2025

1665422

15072025 18092025

2025

Saccomanno, Saran, Petricca, Caramaschi, Ferrante, Inchingolo, Inchingolo, Palermo, Dipalma and Inchingolo

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to understand how the training of a clinician influences his or her therapeutic choices in the orthodontic field.

Materials and methods

An anonymized questionnaire was submitted to 317 Italian dentists to ask them about their training and what orthodontic therapies they perform. The answers were processed by statistical analysis.

Results

221 of 314 respondents (70.3%) had an orthodontic postgraduate education and 93 subjects did not (29.7%). Out of the whole sample, 242 clinicians use functional therapy (i.e., Frankel, Bionator or Andresen), but while 133 of them, after functional therapy, apply both fixed orthodontic appliances (i.e., Straight wire, Tweed or Rickets) and aligners, 79 use only fixed oral appliances, and 19 dentists use only an aligner. The application of a lingual technique is perfectly independent from having an orthodontic postgraduate education or not.

Conclusion

Differences were found between dentists with an orthodontic postgraduate education and dentists without it. Most dentists in Italy pursued a postgraduate education. In addition, most orthodontists are dedicated exclusively to orthodontics in their office, while dentists who don't have an orthodontic postgraduate education do not practice orthodontics exclusively in their offices. It is possible to conclude that pursuing a specialization in orthodontics determines advantages for both practitioners and patients: it gives orthodontists those extra skills to customize a diagnosis and daily treatments in a more precise and innovative way, using a wider variety of therapeutic options and relying more on teamwork, for complementary solutions. These additional skills usually increase a treatment's success and decrease complications, which, first and foremost, benefit the patients.

orthodontics post-graduate education malocclusion invisible aligners questionnaire functional therapy

section-at-acceptance

Systems Integration

1Introduction

Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with promoting correct craniofacial growth, the harmonious development of the jaws, and correct occlusion. It aims to eliminate any interference with these physiological processes or to correct dental misalignments, malocclusions, or skeletal discrepancies that may arise during growth or due to genetic and environmental factors (1–9). Orthodontic interventions play a fundamental role in ensuring the proper function and aesthetics of the stomatognathic system. The complexity of modern orthodontic care, which combines biological understanding, biomechanics, and digital technology, demands a high level of professional competence (10–32). Yet, despite its evolution, orthodontics is a relatively young specialty—barely over 100 years old (33–58) Advances such as 3D imaging, intraoral scanning, and computer-aided design (CAD) have dramatically transformed diagnostic and therapeutic workflows, enhancing precision and patient engagement (59–67).

Efforts to harmonize orthodontic education across Europe began with F. P. van der Linden's Erasmus project in 1992, recognizing the need for a common academic standard (68–78). Today, clinicians can pursue various pathways for advanced training, including residencies, university master's degrees, and continuing education courses. These educational opportunities are vital to ensure that practitioners stay up to date with emerging evidence, technologies, and treatment philosophies (79, 80).

In Italy, after the six-year degree in dentistry, a three-year graduate school of orthodontics is available to those who wish to specialize (81). This residency program provides structured, evidence-based training that includes theoretical instruction, clinical practice, and research. It enables young dentists to acquire the diagnostic skills and therapeutic competence needed to treat a wide variety of malocclusions. The program also emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly with surgeons and prosthodontists, for complex cases (82–84).

In the absence of standardized training, dentists who follow non-residency routes may exhibit variable preparation and treatment outcomes, with potential repercussions for quality and patient safety (85).

Currently, there is limited literature addressing the specific role and importance of orthodontic residency in Italy and how such advanced training influences the clinical decisions of practitioners (86–94). Understanding whether formal postgraduate education significantly impacts the quality of care and treatment outcomes is essential. The purpose of this study is to explore this topic and help clarify how postgraduate orthodontic training shapes clinical practice and, ultimately, patient management (95–97).

2Material and methods

A questionnaire was submitted to 500 Italian Dental offices, in which there was a possibility to receive an orthodontic treatment. Only 317 answers could be included in this study. The dentists were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire (Table 1) electronically distributed, in Italian, between July and August 2022.

Table 1

Questionnaire.

Question	Possible answers
1. Do you have an orthodontic postgraduate degree?	Yes/No
2. Do you practice orthodontics exclusively?	Yes/No
3. How old are you?
4. Do you have an Italian orthodontic postgraduate degree?	Yes/No
5. How many years ago did you receive your postgraduate degree?
6. Do you have other postgraduate degrees?	Yes/No
7. Which type of orthodontic therapies did you use last year? (more than ten cases).	• Labial fixed appliances • Functional therapy • Aligners • Lingual fixed appliances • Elastodontic therapy
8. Which device did you mostly use last year for functional therapy? (more than ten cases).	• Rapid maxillar espander • Traditional expander • Twin block • Frankel • Delaire mask • Sander • Monoblock • Lip bumper • EGA (eruption guidance appliance) • High extraoral traction • Low extraoral traction • Herbst • Forsus
9. Which brackets did you mostly use, last year, for vestibular fixed orthodontic therapy? (more than ten cases) (you can choose more than one option).	• Roth brackets • MBT brackets • Roth self-ligating brackets • MBT self-ligating brackets • Damon self-ligating brackets • Rickets self-ligating brackets • Rickets brackets • Roncone technique • Alexander technique • Edgewise technique • Hilger System technique • Swing System technique • Tweed technique
10. In the last year you have used more: (more than ten cases).	• Straight wire • Segmented technique
11. Which kind of appliance did you mostly use last year for lingual orthodontic therapy? (more than ten cases).	• Incognito • Win • 2D
12. Which kind of aligners did you use most last year? (more than ten cases).	• Invisalign • Spark • Suresmile • OrthoCaps • ClearCorrect • Nuvola • Made in laboratory
13. Do you work alone or in a team when dealing with a diagnosis and treatment plan? (considering the last year).	• Team • Alone
14. Do you usually propose the aligners yourself or is the patient expressly requesting them? (considering the last year).	• I propose them • I wait for the patient to expressly request them
15. If you used the aligners last year, why did you do it? (you can choose more than one option).	• You consider the best choice from a clinical point of view and therefore of the result • You think this is the simplest therapy to set up • You think this is the quickest therapy • You think it is more beneficial to the clinician • You think it is more beneficial to the patient
15. Which type of patients did you mostly treat with aligners last year? (you can choose more than one option).	• Children • Teenagers • Adults

2.1Dissemination

The Google Form link was distributed via email to dental offices across Italy and through professional contacts and mailing lists of dental associations. No reminders were sent.

2.2Eligibility and data cleaning

Inclusion criteria were: licensed Italian dentist who practices orthodontics and complete questionnaire. Pre-specified internal validation and cross-item consistency checks were applied (e.g., implausible age vs. training timeline; contradictory answers). Eight questionnaires were excluded (5 implausible age declarations; 3 inconsistent answers), yielding 309 valid questionnaires for analysis.

2.3Statistics

Categorical data are reported as frequencies/percentages and compared with Chi-square tests; effect size is Cramer's V. Numerical variables were compared with t-tests. Significance was set at p < 0.05.

2.4Ethics and data protection

All respondents provided informed consent. Data were collected anonymously, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

3Results 3.1Sample and exclusions

After internal validation and consistency checks (see Methods), 309 questionnaires were retained for analysis (8 exclusions).

3.2Specialization status

70% (218/312) were specialized in orthodontics and 30% (94/312) were not (Table 2).

Table 2

Italian orthodontic specialists.

Are you specialized in orthodontics?		Total, n
No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	Total, n
94 (30%)	218 (70%)	312

3.3Technique by specialization

Specialization was associated with technique choice (χ² = 89.68, df = 2, p < 0.0001; Cramer's V = 0.54): specialists predominantly used straight wire, non-specialists mainly segmented tecnique (Table 3).

Table 3

Comparison of orthodontic techniques used by dentists with and without orthodontic specialization.

Do you specialize in orthodontics?	Technique used			Total, n
Do you specialize in orthodontics?	Straight wire, n (%)	Both, n (%)	Segmented technique, n (%)	Total, n
No	28 (32%)	0 (0%)	60 (68%)	88
Yes	185 (84.8%)	3 (1,4%)	30 (13.8%)	218
Total	213 (69%)	3 (1%)	90 (30%)	306

3.4Time since specialization

Among specialists, 69% (158/229) obtained specialization ≤5 years ago and 31% (71/229) > 5 years (Table 4; Figure 1).

Table 4

Time since obtaining orthodontic specialization among respondents.

Specialized how long	Total
Last 5 Years	158 (69%)
More than 5 Years	71 (31%)
Total	229

Figure 1

Distribution of respondents according to the time since obtaining orthodontic specialization (last 5 years vs more than 5 years).

Pie chart showing data distribution over time. The largest portion, 69%, corresponds to the last 5 years (orange), while 31% corresponds to the last 6 years (yellow).

3.5Country of specialization

93% (203/218) trained in Italy and 7% (15/218) abroad (Table 5; Figure 2).

Table 5

Country where orthodontic specialization was obtained by respondents (Italy vs abroad).

Specialized in Italy	Total
No	15 (7%)
Yes	203 (93%)
Total	218

Figure 2

Distribution of respondents according to the country where orthodontic specialization was obtained (Italy vs abroad).

Pie chart illustrating the distribution of dentists by specialization location. A large majority, 93%, specialized in Italy (green), while 7% specialized in other countries (blue).

3.6Lingual technique

Distribution of 2D, WIN, other/unknown did not differ by specialization (p = 0.96; Cramer's V≈0.03) (Table 6).

Table 6

Distribution of lingual orthodontic techniques (2D, WIN, other/unknown) used by specialists and non-specialists.

Do you specialize in orthodontics?	2D, n (%)	WIN, n (%)	Other/unknown, n (%)	Total, n
No	22 (29%)	26 (35%)	27 (36%)	75
Yes	52 (28%)	67 (36%)	65 (36%)	184
Total	74	93	92	259

3.7Teamwork

Specialists were more likely to work in a team (77% vs. 23%); non-specialists were ∼even (51% vs. 49%); χ² = 19.71, df = 1, p < 0.0001; Cramer's V≈0.26 (Table 7).

Table 7

Comparison between specialists and non-specialists in orthodontics regarding their preference for working alone or in a team.

Specialized in orthodontics?	Working in a team or alone
Specialized in orthodontics?	Alone	In a team	Total
No	44 (49%)	47 (51%)	91
yes	49 (23%)	170 (77%)	219
Total	93	217	310

3.8Exclusive orthodontic practice

94% (206/218) of specialists reported only orthodontics, vs. 4% (4/93) of non-specialists (Table 8).

Table 8

Proportion of specialists and non-specialists in orthodontics who practice exclusively orthodontics.

Specialized in orthodontics?	Only orthodontics
Specialized in orthodontics?	No	Yes	Total
No	89 (96%)	4 (4%)	93
Yes	12 (6%)	206 (94%)	218
Total	101	210	311

3.9Additional specializations

13% (28/217) of specialists reported an additional specialty (Table 9).

Table 9

Prevalence of additional specializations among orthodontic specialists.

More than 1 Specialty	Total
No	189 (87%)
Yes	28 (13%)
Total	217

3.10Post-functional therapy choices

Among clinicians using functional therapy, specialists more often proceeded with fixed appliances (94% vs. 72%; Table 10) and used aligners slightly more often (64% vs. 60%; Table 11).

Table 10

Use of fixed orthodontic therapy after functional therapy among specialists and non-specialists.

Specialized in orthodontics?	Fixed therapy
Specialized in orthodontics?	No	Yes	Total
No	15 (28%)	38 (72%)	53
Yes	11 (6%)	174 (94%)	185
Total	26	212	238

Table 11

Use of aligners after functional therapy among specialists and non-specialists.

Specialized in orthodontics?	Aligners
Specialized in orthodontics?	No	Yes	Total
No	21 (40%)	32 (60%)	53
Yes	66 (36%)	119 (64%)	185
Total	87	151	238

3.11Age

Mean age did not differ between predominant aligner users (44.4 years) and fixed-appliance users (45.15 years); p = 0.46.

Out of the whole sample, 242 clinicians use functional therapy (i.e., Frankel, Bionator, or Andresen), but while 133 of them, after functional therapy, apply both fixed orthodontic appliances (i.e., Straight wire, Tweed or Ricketts) and aligners, 79 use only fixed oral appliances, and 19 dentists use only an aligner. The kind of lingual technique used is independent from being a dentist with an orthodontic postgraduate degree or not. The data obtained suggests that specialists do not prefer a specific technique [V Cramer: 0.03; Chi Square Test (p-value) = 0.96]. The power of the Chi Square Test used is 95.1% for lingual techniques.

From the contingency table it is possible to note that, for those who don't have a specialty in orthodontics, there is an equal distribution between teamwork and work alone, while for the specialized ones there is a clear preference for teamwork. The Chi-Square Test leads us to accept the hypothesis of dependence between being specialized and preferring, or not, working with a team. The value of V Cramer equal to 0.258, however, indicates that there is no net dependence, in fact, as described above, those with specialization tend to work in a team while those without specialization do not have this attitude. 1.

Among the respondents, 70% (218/312) were specialized in orthodontics, while 30% (94/312) were not (Table 2).

Which orthodontic techniques are the most used by those specialized and those not specialized in orthodontics? A significant association was found between specialization status and the orthodontic technique used (χ² = 89.68, df = 2, p < 0.0001). Specialists predominantly used the straight wire technique, whereas non-specialists mainly adopted the segmented technique (Table 3).

A Chi-squared test showed a significant association between specialization status and the orthodontic technique used (χ² = 89.68, df = 2, p < 0.0001). We can observe that those who are specialized tend to use the straight wire technique more than those who are not specialized. 3.

How many dentists have obtained a degree in orthodontics or other specialization in the last 5 years? (Table 4, Figure 1)

Who uses aligners the most and who uses traditional fixed orthodontics, based on age:

The average age of those who use aligners is 44.4 years, the average age of those who use fixed therapy is 45.15 years. Age difference is not significant (t-test for comparison of means, p-value = 0.46).

Do the dentists specializing in orthodontics prefer to use segmented technique or straight wire?

188 Dentists who specialized in orthodontics do prefer to use the straight wire orthodontic technique, while 33 prefer the use of segmented technique (3 of these prefer both techniques).

Did most dentists specializing in orthodontics choose their residency/degree in Italy or outside the country? (Table 5, Figure 2)

Which lingual technique is preferred by dentists with a degree in orthodontics? (Table 6)

The p-value is equal to 0.96, therefore no differences in the lingual technique are observed between those with and those with no specialization.

Comparison between the dentists with specialization and the ones without it, regarding the choice of working in a team or not (Table 7):

A Chi-squared test showed a significant association between specialization status and preference for working in a team (χ² = 19.71, df = 1, p < 0.0001; Table 7). Specialists were more likely to work in teams compared to non-specialists. 9.

Evaluate if those specialized in orthodontics practice only orthodontics (Table 8):

As we would expect, those who specialize in orthodontics are more inclined to work only in this field.

10.

Evaluate if those who are specialized in orthodontics have or are pursuing a second specialization (Table 9):

11.

Evaluate whether orthodontic specialists use functional orthodontics first and then aligners and/or fixed devices (Table 10):

*In the following tables, only the responses of those who have used functional therapy have been considered.

We observe that those who are specialized use fixed therapy much more than those who are not specialized (Table 11).

4Discussion

Given the breadth of training options, orthodontists should emphasise prevention (98, 99). When treatment is required, a wide array of validated appliances can manage varied presentations (100–108).

Main findings. In this national survey, orthodontic specialization was strongly associated with technique selection and work organization: specialists predominantly used straight-wire mechanics and reported team-based care and exclusive orthodontic practice, whereas non-specialists more often adopted segmented tecnique and worked across broader scopes (109–111). No preference differences emerged for lingual systems.

4.1Clinical implications of postgraduate education

Postgraduate training appears to shape clinicians' diagnostic repertoire, biomechanical planning, and practice organization. The higher use of straight-wire mechanics among specialists likely reflects greater confidence with comprehensive tooth movement and anchorage control acquired during residency, whereas the preference for segmented tecnique among non-specialists may represent a strategy to limit unwanted effects in complex movements when biomechanical mastery is more limited (112, 113). These patterns align with literature showing that outcomes and efficiency vary by appliance and operator proficiency, and that clear biomechanical planning remains decisive regardless of technique (114–119).

Specialization was also associated with team-based care. Interdisciplinary workflows—orthodontist with surgeons, pediatric dentists, myofunctional/speech therapists, etc.—are linked to safer, higher-quality care and more predictable management of complex cases (120–132). Finally, where aligners are used, evidence suggests advantages in oral hygiene and treatment comfort but mixed findings on movement accuracy in demanding biomechanics; successful aligner therapy depends on solid diagnostic and biomechanical competence—competencies typically emphasized in structured programs. Overall, our data supports the view that formal postgraduate education may translate into broader therapeutic options, greater integration with teams, and potentially more consistent treatment execution in daily practice (133).

4.2Limitations of a self-reported cross-sectional survey

This study has important limitations. First, self-report introduces recall and social-desirability bias; responses were not verified against charts or objective outcomes. Second, although we applied internal validation and excluded inconsistent records, some misclassification is still possible and denominators vary across items. Third, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference: specialization and technique choices may both be influenced by unmeasured factors (case mix, practice model, local market). Fourth, the sampling frame (email dissemination and professional networks) may entail selection bias and limits generalizability beyond Italy. Fifth, the questionnaire, while face-valid, lacked external psychometric validation (e.g., reliability indices). Finally, we did not collect clinical outcomes (e.g., ABO-OGS, treatment time, relapse, PROMs), so we cannot link training pathways to effectiveness or safety (134–136).

4.3Suggestions for future research

Prospective and mixed-methods designs are needed to move beyond self-report and strengthen causal interpretation: •

Prospective cohorts/registries linking clinician training to objective outcomes (ABO-OGS, treatment duration, retreatment/relapse, root resorption, periodontal indices), with risk-adjustment for case complexity.

•

Qualitative work (interviews/focus groups) to explore why some dentists do not pursue specialization and what drives technique selection (perceived risks/benefits, workload, economics, access to training).

•

Comparative education studies across programs/countries (curricula, competencies, mentorship, clinical exposure) aligned with current European/WFO guidance.

•

Instrument development: validation of a brief, reliable questionnaire (content/construct validity, test-retest) and clearer operational definitions for techniques.

•

Health-services analyses: impact of team-based models on outcomes and costs; modeling of practice scope (exclusive vs. mixed) on adoption of innovations (e.g., aligners, TADs) (137–144).

Take-home messages. (i) Postgraduate education correlates with broader technique use and teamwork—organizational features linked to quality and safety (145–157). (ii) Self-reported, cross-sectional data cannot establish causality or outcomes. (iii) Future prospective and qualitative studies should test whether training pathways improve patient-level results and clarify barriers to specialization (158–165).

General dentists without orthodontic specialization tend to favour segmented technique for control of unwanted movements and may update techniques less often given their broader remit (166–173).

Our study has some limitations but also suggests opportunities for future research. With the exception of two potentially ambiguous items, the study did not elicit respondents’ reasons for not undertaking orthodontic specialization (174–180). Financial burden, universities not close to home, working in a rural area where the practitioner needs to have multiple but basic skills, or preference for general dental work may be some of the reasons. Conversely, behind the decision to get specialized could be the prospect of future higher earnings in orthodontics rather than in dentistry. Likewise, it's possible that financial burden on the patient and context in which an orthodontist works could impact the decision to use one orthodontic treatment over another (181–183).

5Conclusions

Observing the data that emerged from this questionnaire submitted to 317 dentists/orthodontists, it is possible to conclude that pursuing a specialization in orthodontics brings advantages for both practitioners and patients: it gives orthodontists those extra skills to customize diagnosis and daily treatments in a more precise and innovative way, using a wider variety of therapeutic options and relying more on teamwork for complementary solutions. These additional skills usually increase treatment's success and decrease complications which, first and foremost, benefit the patients. A more specific diagnosis and a customized plan of care may reduce the time of treatment, avoid relapses, increase long term stability of the results and decrease the economic burden for the patient.

Data availability statement

The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.

Ethics statement

The studies involving humans were approved by Decla-ration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Policlinico of Bari (Prot. Number: 00152571, 15 February 2023 JAOUCPG23ICOMETIP. The studies were conducted in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements. The participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Author contributions

SaS: Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. StS: Resources, Writing – original draft. MP: Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft. EC: Investigation, Writing – review & editing. LF: Project administration, Software, Writing – original draft. FI: Methodology, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. AMI: Software, Validation, Writing – review & editing. AP: Software, Writing – review & editing. GD: Data curation, Validation, Writing – original draft. ADI: Validation, Writing – original draft.

Funding

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Generative AI statement

The author(s) declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.

Any alternative text (alt text) provided alongside figures in this article has been generated by Frontiers with the support of artificial intelligence and reasonable efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, including review by the authors wherever possible. If you identify any issues, please contact us.

Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Abbreviations

CAD, computer-aided design; EGA, Eruption Guidance Appliance; FFP2/FFP3, Filtering Face Piece type 2/type 3; MBT, McLaughlin–Bennett–Trevisi; TMJ, Temporomandibular Joint.

References 1.Peck

. The contributions of Edward H. Angle to dental public health. Community Dent Health. (2009) 26:130–1. 10.1922/CDH_2570Peck02

19780351

Inchingolo

Tatullo

Abenavoli

Marrelli

Inchingolo

Comparison between traditional surgery, CO2 and Nd:Yag Laser treatment for generalized gingival hyperplasia in sturge-weber syndrome: a retrospective study. J Investig Clin Dent. (2010) 1:85–9. 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2010.00020.x

25427262

Inchingolo

Patano

Coloccia

Ceci

Inchingolo

Marinelli

Treatment of class III malocclusion and anterior crossbite with aligners: a case report. Medicina (Kaunas. (2022) 58:603. 10.3390/medicina58050603

35630020

Martelli

Russomanno

Vecchio

Gargari

Bollero

Ottria

Myofunctional therapy and atypical swallowing multidisciplinary approach. Oral Implantol J Innov Adv Techniq Oral Health. (2024) 16:153–5. 10.11138/oi163153-155 5.Botzer

Quinzi

Salvati

Coceani Paskay

Saccomanno

. Myofunctional therapy part 3: tongue function and breastfeeding as precursor of oronasal functions. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2021) 22:248–50. 10.23804/ejpd.2021.22.03.13

34544256

6.Adamo

Spagnuolo

. Burning mouth syndrome: an overview and future perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 20:682. 10.3390/ijerph20010682

36613002

Inchingolo

Patano

Coloccia

Ceci

Inchingolo

Marinelli

The efficacy of a new AMCOP® elastodontic protocol for orthodontic interceptive treatment: a case series and literature overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2022) 19:988. 10.3390/ijerph19020988

35055811

Inchingolo

Malcangi

Costa

Fatone

Avantario

Campanelli

Tooth complications after orthodontic miniscrews insertion. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2023) 20:1562. 10.3390/ijerph20021562

36674316

Inchingolo

Patano

Di Pede

Inchingolo

Palmieri

de Ruvo

Autologous tooth graft: innovative biomaterial for bone regeneration. Tooth transformer® and the role of Microbiota in regenerative dentistry. A systematic review. J Funct Biomater. (2023) 14:132. 10.3390/jfb14030132

36976056

10.

Grippaudo

Quinzi

Manai

Paolantonio

Valente

La Torre

Orthodontic treatment need and timing: assessment of evolutive malocclusion conditions and associated risk factors. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2020) 21:203–8. 10.23804/ejpd.2020.21.03.09

32893653

11.Fleming

. Timing orthodontic treatment: early or late? Aust Dent J. (2017) 62(Suppl 1):11–9. 10.1111/adj.12474

28297091

12.Robertson

Kaur

Fagundes

NCF

Romanyk

Major

Flores Mir

. Effectiveness of clear aligner therapy for orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res. (2020) 23:133–42. 10.1111/ocr.12353

31651082

13.Sangle

Parab

Gujare

Dhatrak

Deshmukh

. Effective techniques and emerging alternatives in orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Med Novel Technol Devices. (2023) 20:100274. 10.1016/j.medntd.2023.100274 14.Djeu

Shelton

Maganzini

. Outcome assessment of invisalign and traditional orthodontic treatment compared with the American board of orthodontics objective grading system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. (2005) 128:292–8. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.06.002

16168325

15.Christou

Abarca

Christou

Kau

. Smile outcome comparison of invisalign and traditional fixed-appliance treatment: a case-control study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. (2020) 157:357–64. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.03.030

32115114

16.

Zhou

Duan

Song

Liu

Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children. Int J Oral Sci. (2024) 16:32. 10.1038/s41368-024-00299-8 17.

Laforgia

Inchingolo

Sardano

Trilli

Di Noia

Paediatric dental trauma: insights from epidemiological studies and management recommendations. BMC Oral Health. (2025) 25:6. 10.1186/s12903-024-05222-5

39748355

18.Lin

Xie

Yang

Ren

. Prevalence of malocclusion in Chinese schoolchildren from 1991 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Paediatr Dent. (2020) 30:144–55. 10.1111/ipd.12591

31677307

19.Biondi

Picardi

. Temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome and bruxism: etiopathogenesis and treatment from a psychosomatic integrative viewpoint. Psychother Psychosom. (1993) 59:84–98. 10.1159/000288651

8332706

20.Ieremia

Popoviciu

Balaş

Dodu

Gabor

. [Nocturnal bruxism. Contributions to the detection and assessment of involvement in the craniomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome]. Rev Med Interna Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir Dermatovenerol Neurol Psihiatr Neurochir. (1989) 34:307–16.2485932 21.Cannistraci

Friedrich

. A multidimensional approach to bruxism and TMD. N Y State Dent J. (1987) 53:31–4.3477733 22.Gillahan

Melson

Sakumura

. The psychological aspects of occlusion. J Mo Dent Assoc (1980). (1981) 61:28–31.6941030 23.Majorana

Bardellini

Amadori

Conti

Polimeni

. Timetable for oral prevention in childhood–developing dentition and oral habits: a current opinion. Prog Orthod. (2015) 16:39. 10.1186/s40510-015-0107-8

26525869

24.Surana

Madhavi Dinavahi

Sajjanar

Gupta

Sharma

Sabharwal

. Oral habits among preschool Indian children at durg-bhilai city. Bioinformation. (2024) 20:528–31. 10.6026/973206300200528

39132228

25.Larsson

. Sucking, chewing, and feeding habits and the development of crossbite: a longitudinal study of girls from birth to 3 years of age. Angle Orthod. (2001) 71:116–9. 10.1043/0003-3219(2001)071%3C0116:SCAFHA%3E2.0.CO;2

11302587

26.Duncan

McNamara

Ireland

Sandy

. Sucking habits in childhood and the effects on the primary dentition: findings of the avon longitudinal study of pregnancy and childhood. Int J Paediatr Dent. (2008) 18:178–88. 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2007.00905.x

18328047

27.Josell

. Habits affecting dental and maxillofacial growth and development. Dent Clin North Am. (1995) 39:851–60. 10.1016/S0011-8532(22)00626-7

8522046

28.

Inchingolo

Tatullo

Abenavoli

Marrelli

Inchingolo

Villabruna

Severe anisocoria after oral surgery under general anesthesia. Int J Med Sci. (2010) 7:314–8. 10.7150/ijms.7.314

20922052

29.

Inchingolo

Latini

Trilli

Ferrante

Nardelli

The role of curcumin in oral health and diseases: a systematic review. Antioxidants. (2024) 13:660. 10.3390/antiox13060660

38929099

30.Mostafiz

. Fundamentals of interceptive orthodontics: optimizing dentofacial growth and development. Compend Contin Educ Dent. (2019) 40:149–54. quiz 155.30829496 31.Chen

Xia

Yuan

. [Effects of breast-feeding duration, bottle-feeding duration and oral habits on the occlusal characteristics of primary dentition]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. (2016) 48:1060–6.27987514 32.Bishara

Warren

Broffitt

Levy

. Changes in the prevalence of nonnutritive sucking patterns in the first 8 years of life. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. (2006) 130:31–6. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.11.033

16849069

33.Gelb

Montrose

Paglia

Saccomanno

Quinzi

Marzo

. Myofunctional therapy part 2: prevention of dentofacial disorders. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2021) 22:163–7. 10.23804/ejpd.2021.22.02.15

34238010

34.Paglia

. Interceptive orthodontics: awareness and prevention is the first cure. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2023) 24:5. 10.23804/ejpd.2023.24.01.01

36853207

35.Minervini

Marrapodi

Cicciù

. Online bruxism-related information: can people understand what they read? A cross-sectional study. J Oral Rehabil. (2023) 50:1211–6. 10.1111/joor.13519

37232129

36.

Minervini

Franco

Crimi

Di Blasio

D’Amico

Ronsivalle

Pharmacological therapy in the management of temporomandibular disorders and orofacial pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. (2024) 24:78. 10.1186/s12903-023-03524-8

38218874

37.

Ciavarella

Lo Russo

Mastrovincenzo

Padalino

Montaruli

Giannatempo

Cephalometric evaluation of tongue position and airway remodelling in children treated with swallowing occlusal contact intercept appliance (S.O.C.I.A.). Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. (2014) 78:1857–60. 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.08.008

25193586

38.

Ciavarella

Guiglia

Campisi

Di Cosola

Di Liberto

Sabatucci

Update on gingival overgrowth by cyclosporine A in renal transplants. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. (2007) 12:E19–25.17195822 39.

Cazzolla

Lovero

Lo Muzio

Testa

Schirinzi

Palmieri

Taste and smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: role of interleukin-6. ACS Chem Neurosci. (2020) 11:2774–81. 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00447

32786309

40.Memè

Gallusi

Strappa

Bambini

Sampalmieri

. Conscious inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen in children: a retrospective study. Appl Sci. (2022) 12:11852. 10.3390/app122211852 41.

Memè

Sartini

Pozzi

Emanuelli

Strappa

Bittarello

Epithelial biological response to machined Titanium vs. PVD zirconium-coated Titanium: an in vitro study. Materials (Basel). (2022) 15:7250. 10.3390/ma15207250 42.Farronato

Giannini

Riva

Galbiati

Maspero

. Correlations between malocclusions and dyslalias. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2012) 13:13–8.22455522 43.Farronato

Farronato

Inchingolo

Grassi

Lanteri

Maspero

. Evaluation of dental surface after De-bonding orthodontic bracket bonded with a novel fluorescent composite: in vitro comparative study. Appl Sci. (2021) 11:6354. 10.3390/app11146354 44.Schneider-Moser

UEM

Moser

. Very early orthodontic treatment: when, why and how? Dental Press J Orthod. (2022) 27:e22spe2. 10.1590/2177-6709.27.2.e22spe2

35703618

45.Artese

. A broader Look at interceptive orthodontics: what can we offer? Dental Press J Orthod. (2019) 24:7–8. 10.1590/2177-6709.24.5.007-008.edt 46.Sunnak

Johal

Fleming

. Is orthodontics prior to 11 years of age evidence-based? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. (2015) 43:477–86. 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.02.003

25684602

47.Almasoud

. Extraction of primary canines for interceptive orthodontic treatment of palatally displaced permanent canines: a systematic review. Angle Orthod. (2017) 87:878–85. 10.2319/021417-105.1

28800259

48.Dutra

Pretti

Martins

Bendo

Vale

. Impact of malocclusion on the quality of life of children aged 8 to 10 years. Dental Press J Orthod. (2018) 23:46–53. 10.1590/2177-6709.23.2.046-053.oar

29898157

49.

Inchingolo

Carpentiere

Del Vecchio

Ferrante

Di Noia

Predictability of dental distalization with clear aligners: a systematic review. Bioengineering (Basel). (2023) 10:1390. 10.3390/bioengineering10121390

38135981

50.

Inchingolo

Campanelli

Carpentiere

de Ruvo

Ferrante

Orthodontic treatment in patients with atypical swallowing and malocclusion: a systematic review. (2024) 48(5):14–26. 10.22514/jocpd.2024.100 51.Abbing

Koretsi

Eliades

Papageorgiou

. Duration of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in adolescents and adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Prog Orthod. (2020) 21:37. 10.1186/s40510-020-00334-4

33015719

52.Papageorgiou

Koletsi

Iliadi

Peltomaki

Eliades

. Treatment outcome with orthodontic aligners and fixed appliances: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Eur J Orthod. (2020) 42:331–43. 10.1093/ejo/cjz094

31758191

53.Jambi

Thiruvenkatachari

O’Brien

Walsh

. Orthodontic treatment for distalising upper first molars in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2013) 2013:CD008375. 10.1002/14651858.CD008375.pub2

24155018

54.Borda

Garfinkle

Covell

Wang

Doyle

Sedgley

. Outcome assessment of orthodontic clear aligner vs fixed appliance treatment in a teenage population with mild malocclusions. Angle Orthod. (2020) 90:485–90. 10.2319/122919-844.1

33378505

55.

Zhang

Liu

Zhang

Chen

Song

Biomechanical effects of functional clear aligners on the stomatognathic system in teens with class II malocclusion: a new model through finite element analysis. BMC Oral Health. (2024) 24:1313. 10.1186/s12903-024-05114-8 56.Rehak

. Corrective orthodontics. Dental Clinics. (1969) 13:437–50. 10.1016/S0011-8532(22)02904-4

5251333

57.Flores-Mir

. Limited evidence on treatments for distalising upper first molars in children and adolescents. Evid Based Dent. (2014) 15:23–4. 10.1038/sj.ebd.6400988

24763173

58.Alfallaj

. Pre-Prosthetic orthodontics. Saudi Dent J. (2020) 32:7–14. 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.08.004

31920273

59.Jamilian

Darnahal

Perillo

Jamilian

Darnahal

Perillo

. Orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery. In: Motamedi MHK, editor. A Textbook of Advanced Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Vol. 2. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech (2015). p. 105–17. 60.de Ribeiro

TTC

Miranda

. Orthodontic pre-surgical planning for orthognathic surgery in patients with cleft lip and palate: key considerations. Semin Orthod. (2025). 10.1053/j.sodo.2025.05.001 61.Larson

. Orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. (2014) 26:441–58. 10.1016/j.coms.2014.08.002

25220753

62.

Inchingolo

Tatullo

Marrelli

Inchingolo

Tarullo

Inchingolo

Combined occlusal and pharmacological therapy in the treatment of temporo-mandibular disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2011) 15:1296–300.22195362 63.

Inchingolo

Fatone

Ferrante

Avantario

Bidirectional association between periodontitis and thyroid disease: a scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. (2024) 21:860. 10.3390/ijerph21070860

39063437

64.

Inchingolo

Malcangi

De Leonardis

Sardano

Pezzolla

The benefits of probiotics on oral health: systematic review of the literature. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). (2023) 16:1313. 10.3390/ph16091313

37765121

65.Klein

Kaban

Masoud

. Orthognathic surgery and orthodontics: inadequate planning leading to complications or unfavorable results. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. (2020) 32:71–82. 10.1016/j.coms.2019.08.008

31744601

66.Ghafari

. Centennial inventory: the changing face of orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. (2015) 148:732–9. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.08.011

26522032

67.Spielman

. The birth of the most important 18th century dental text: pierre fauchard’s Le chirurgien dentiste. J Dent Res. (2007) 86:922–6. 10.1177/154405910708601004

17890667

68.

Adamo

Calabria

Canfora

Coppola

Pecoraro

D’Aniello

Burning mouth syndrome: analysis of diagnostic delay in 500 patients. Oral Dis. (2024) 30:1543–54. 10.1111/odi.14553

36825392

69.Adamo

Calabria

Coppola

Pecoraro

Mignogna

. Vortioxetine as a new frontier in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain: a review and update. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. (2021) 11:20451253211034320. 10.1177/20451253211034320

34497709

70.

Adamo

Canfora

Calabria

Coppola

Leuci

Pecoraro

White matter hyperintensities in burning mouth syndrome assessed according to the age-related white matter changes scale. Front Aging Neurosci. (2022) 14:923720. 10.3389/fnagi.2022.923720

36118686

71.

Adamo

Gasparro

Marenzi

Mascolo

Cervasio

Cerciello

Amyloidoma of the tongue: case report, surgical management, and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (2020) 78:1572–82. 10.1016/j.joms.2020.04.022

32442425

72.Bianchi

Betti

Badiali

Ricotta

Marchetti

Tarsitano

. 3D Computed tomographic evaluation of the upper airway space of patients undergoing mandibular distraction osteogenesis for micrognathia. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. (2015) 35:350–4. 10.14639/0392-100X-546

26824918

73.Boyd

Saccomanno

Lewis

Coceani Paskay

Quinzi

Marzo

. Myofunctional therapy. Part 1: culture, industrialisation and the shrinking human face. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2021) 22:80–1. 10.23804/ejpd.2021.22.01.15

33719489

74.

Calabria

Adamo

Leuci

Pecoraro

Coppola

Aria

The health-related quality of life and psychological profile in patients with oropharyngeal pemphigus Vulgaris in complete clinical remission: a case-control study. J Oral Pathol Med. (2021) 50:510–9. 10.1111/jop.13150

33314320

75.Galluccio

. Is the use of clear aligners a real critical change in oral health prevention and treatment? Clin Ter. (2021) 172:113–5. 10.7417/CT.2021.2295

33763672

76.

Fortuna

Ruoppo

Pollio

Aria

Adamo

Leuci

Multiple myeloma vs. Breast cancer patients with bisphosphonates-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a comparative analysis of response to treatment and predictors of outcome. J Oral Pathol Med. (2012) 41:222–8. 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01095.x

22092390

77.Cascone

Celentano

Adamo

Leuci

Ruoppo

Mignogna

. Oral lichen Planus in childhood: a case series. Int J Dermatol. (2017) 56:641–52. 10.1111/ijd.13571

28256018

78.Moss

. Orthodontics in Europe 1992. Eur J Orthod. (1993) (15):393–401. 10.1093/ejo/15.5.393

8223974

79.

Huggare

Derringer

Eliades

Filleul

Kiliaridis

Kuijpers-Jagtman

The erasmus programme for postgraduate education in orthodontics in Europe: an update of the guidelines. Eur J Orthod. (2014) 36:340–9. 10.1093/ejo/cjt059

24344242

80.Orthodontic Specialists Education in Europe: Past, Present and Future. Available online: Available online at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7849126_Orthodontic_specialists_education_in_Europe_past_present_and_future

(Accessed on July 8, 2025). 81.Best Dental Schools in Italy [2025 Rankings] Available online: Available online at:

https://edurank.org/medicine/dentistry/it/

(Accessed on July 8, 2025). 82.de Alves

ACM

Janson

Mcnamara

Lauris

JRP

Garib

. Maxillary expander with differential opening vs hyrax expander: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. (2020) 157:7–18. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.07.010

31901284

83.Angelieri

Cevidanes

LHS

Franchi

Gonçalves

Benavides

McNamara

. Midpalatal suture maturation: classification method for individual assessment before rapid maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. (2013) 144:759–69. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.04.022

24182592

84.Arksey

O’Malley

. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. (2005) 8:19–32. 10.1080/1364557032000119616 85.Do You Have To Do Residency After Dental School – ExpertBeacon. (2024) 86.

Inchingolo

Latini

Garofoli

Sardano

De Leonardis

Caries prevention and treatment in early childhood: comparing strategies. A systematic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2023) 27:11082–92. 10.26355/eurrev_202311_34477

38039039

87.Ghafari

Macari

Zeno

Haddad

. Potential and limitations of orthodontic biomechanics: recognizing the gaps between knowledge and practice. J World Fed Orthod. (2020) 9:S31–9. 10.1016/j.ejwf.2020.08.008

33023730

88.

Feng

Kong

W-D

Cen

W-J

Zhou

X-Z

Zhang

Q-T

Finite element analysis of the effect of power arm locations on tooth movement in extraction space closure with miniscrew anchorage in customized lingual orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. (2019) 156:210–9. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.08.025

31375231

89.Papageorgiou

Keilig

Hasan

Jäger

Bourauel

. Effect of material variation on the biomechanical behaviour of orthodontic fixed appliances: a finite element analysis. Eur J Orthod. (2016) 38:300–7. 10.1093/ejo/cjv050

26174769

90.Almuzian

Alharbi

McIntyre

. Extra-Oral appliances in orthodontic treatment. Dent Update. (2016) 43:74–6. 79–82. 10.12968/denu.2016.43.1.74

27024904

91.Diedrich

. [Different orthodontic anchorage systems. A critical examination]. Fortschr Kieferorthop. (1993) 54:156–71. 10.1007/BF02171574

8375786

92.

Inchingolo

Malcangi

Inchingolo

Mancini

Palmieri

Di Pede

Potential of graphene-functionalized titanium surfaces for dental implantology: systematic review. Coatings. (2023) 13:725. 10.3390/coatings13040725 93.Inchingolo

Tatullo

Abenavoli

Inchingolo

Dipalma

. Fish-Hook injuries: a risk for fishermen. Head Face Med. (2010) 6:28. 10.1186/1746-160X-6-28

21156039

94.

Inchingolo

Patano

Coloccia

Ceci

Inchingolo

Marinelli

Genetic pattern, orthodontic and surgical management of multiple supplementary impacted teeth in a rare, cleidocranial dysplasia patient: a case report. Medicina (Kaunas). (2021) 57:1350. 10.3390/medicina57121350

34946295

95.Abu-Qamar

Vafeas

Ewens

Ghosh

Sundin

. Postgraduate nurse education and the implications for nurse and patient outcomes: a systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. (2020) 92:104489. 10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104489

32653811

96.

Nguyen

VNB

Brand

Gardiner

Moses

Collison

Griffin

A snapshot of Australian primary health care nursing workforce characteristics and reasons they work in these settings: a longitudinal retrospective study. Nurs Open. (2023) 10:5462–75. 10.1002/nop2.1785

37141515

97.Taylor

Staruchowicz

. The experience and effectiveness of nurse practitioners in orthopaedic settings: a comprehensive systematic review. JBI Libr Syst Rev. (2012) 10:1–22. 10.11124/jbisrir-2012-249 98.Saccomanno

Saran

De Luca

Fioretti

Gallusi

. Prevention of malocclusion and the importance of early diagnosis in the Italian young population. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2022) 23:178–82. 10.23804/ejpd.2022.23.03.02

36172913

99.Zou

Meng

Law

Rao

Zhou

. Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion. Int J Oral Sci. (2018) 10:7. 10.1038/s41368-018-0012-3

29540669

100.Rodríguez-Fuentes

Fernández-Garza

Samia-Meza

Barrera-Barrera

Caplan

Barrera-Saldaña

. Mesenchymal stem cells current clinical applications: a systematic review. Arch Med Res. (2021) 52:93–101. 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.08.006 101.

Balzanelli

Distratis

Lazzaro

Pham

Tran

Dipalma

Analysis of gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in COVID-19 disease highlighting the susceptibility and the severity towards the infection. Diagnostics. (2022) 12:2824. 10.3390/diagnostics12112824

36428884

102.

Balzanelli

Distratis

Catucci

Cefalo

Lazzaro

Inchingolo

Mesenchymal stem cells: the secret children’s weapons against the SARS-CoV-2 lethal infection. Appl Sci. (2021) 11:1696. 10.3390/app11041696 103.Trávníčková

Bačáková

. Application of adult mesenchymal stem cells in bone and vascular tissue engineering. Physiol Res. (2018) 67:831–50. 10.33549/physiolres.933820 104.

Debela

Muzazu

Heraro

Ndalama

Mesele

Haile

New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: current perspectives. SAGE Open Med. (2021) 9:20503121211034366. 10.1177/20503121211034366

34408877

105.

Sung

Ferlay

Siegel

Laversanne

Soerjomataram

Jemal

Global cancer statistics 2020: gLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. (2021) 2021(71):209–49. 10.3322/caac.21660 106.Merriel

SWD

Ingle

May

Martin

. Retrospective cohort study evaluating clinical, biochemical and pharmacological prognostic factors for prostate cancer progression using primary care data. BMJ Open. (2021) 11:e044420. 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044420

33579772

107.Ganesh

Massagué

. Targeting metastatic cancer. Nat Med. (2021) 27:34–44. 10.1038/s41591-020-01195-4

33442008

108.Marquardt

Solanki

Spitschak

Vera

Pützer

. Emerging functional markers for cancer stem cell-based therapies: understanding signaling networks for targeting metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol. (2018) 53:90–109. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.06.006

29966677

109.Ronsivalle

Nucci

Bua

Palazzo

La Rosa

. Elastodontic appliances for the interception of malocclusion in children: a systematic narrative hybrid review. Children (Basel). (2023) 10:1821. 10.3390/children10111821

38002912

110.Ureni

Verdecchia

Suárez-Fernández

Mereu

Schirru

Spinas

. Effectiveness of elastodontic devices for correcting sagittal malocclusions in mixed dentition patients: a scoping review. Dent J (Basel). (2024) 12:247. 10.3390/dj12080247

39195091

111.Yang

Lai

Wang

. Effect of orofacial myofunctional therapy along with preformed appliances on patients with mixed dentition and lip incompetence. BMC Oral Health. (2022) 22:586. 10.1186/s12903-022-02645-w

36494803

112.Mahdavifard

Noorollahian

Omid

Yamani

. What competencies does an orthodontic postgraduate need? BMC Med Educ. (2024) 24:1461. 10.1186/s12909-024-06475-y

39695531

113.Baneshi

O’Malley

El-Angbawi

Thiruvenkatachari

. Effectiveness of clear orthodontic aligners in correcting malocclusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Evid Based Dent Pract. (2025) 25:102081. 10.1016/j.jebdp.2024.102081

39947778

114.Barnett

Bahnson

Piccini

. Recent advances in lesion formation for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. (2016) 9. 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003299 e003299. 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.003299

27103088

115.Myrlund

Dubland

Keski-Nisula

Kerosuo

. One year treatment effects of the eruption guidance appliance in 7- to 8-year-old children: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Orthod. (2015) 37:128–34. 10.1093/ejo/cju014

25005108

116.

Almekkawy

Chen

Ellis

Haemmerich

Holmes

Linte

therapeutic systems and technologies: state-of-the-art applications, opportunities, and challenges. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng. (2020) 13:325–39. 10.1109/RBME.2019.2908940

30951478

117.De Gabriele

Dallatana

Vasudavan

Wilmes

. CAD/CAM-Guided microscrew insertion for horseshoe distalization appliances. J Clin Orthod. (2021) 55:384–97.34464337 118.Engineering (US), N.A. of; Medicine (US), I. of; Ekelman, K.B. New Medical Devices and Health Care. In New Medical Devices: Invention, Development, and Use; National Academies Press (US), (1988). 119.Breuer

Ahmed

Al-Khouja

Macherla

Muthoka

Abi-Jaoudeh

. Interventional oncology: new techniques and new devices. Br J Radiol. (2022) 95:20211360. 10.1259/bjr.20211360

35731848

120.Bambini

Orilisi

Quaranta

Memè

. Biological oriented immediate loading: a new mathematical implant vertical insertion protocol, five-year follow-up study.. Materials (Basel. (2021) 14:387. 10.3390/ma14020387

33466862

121.Casu

Mannu

. Atypical afta Major healing after photodynamic therapy. Case Rep Dent. (2017) 2017:8517470. 10.1155/2017/8517470

29085681

122.Casu

Orrù

Scano

. Curcumin/H2O2 photodynamically activated: an antimicrobial time-response assessment against an MDR strain of Candida Albicans. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2022) 26:8841–51. 10.26355/eurrev_202212_30556

36524503

123.Casu

Murgia

Orrù

Scano

. Photodynamic therapy for the successful management of cyclosporine-related gum hypertrophy: a novel therapeutic option. J Public Health Res. (2022) 11:22799036221116177. 10.1177/22799036221116177

36226306

124.Farronato

Maspero

Farronato

. Orthodontic movement of a dilacerated maxillary incisor in mixed dentition treatment. Dent Traumatol. (2009) 25:451–6. 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00722.x

19519865

125.

Inchingolo

Tatullo

Abenavoli

Marrelli

Inchingolo

Servili

A hypothetical correlation between hyaluronic acid gel and development of cutaneous metaplastic synovial cyst. Head Face Med. (2010) 6:13. 10.1186/1746-160X-6-13

20633261

126.

Inchingolo

Tatullo

Abenavoli

Marrelli

Inchingolo

Corelli

Upper eyelid reconstruction: a short report of an eyelid defect following a thermal burn. Head Face Med. (2009) 5:26. 10.1186/1746-160X-5-26

19939266

127.

Limongelli

Cascardi

Capodiferro

Favia

Corsalini

Tempesta

Multifocal amelanotic melanoma of the hard palate: a challenging case. Diagnostics (Basel). (2020) 10:424. 10.3390/diagnostics10060424

32580507

128.Memè

Bambini

Pizzolante

Sampalmieri

Bianchi

Mummolo

. Evaluation of a single non-surgical approach in the management of peri-implantitis: glycine powder air-polishing versus ultrasonic device. Oral Implantol J Innov Adv Techniq Oral Health. (2024) 16:67–78. 10.11138/oi.v16i2.44 129.

Meme

Grilli

Pizzolante

Capogreco

Bambini

Sampalmieri

Clinical and histomorphometric comparison of autologous dentin graft versus a deproteinized bovine bone graft for socket preservation. Oral and Implantology: A Journal of Innovations and Advanced Techniques for Oral Health. (2024) 16:101–6. 10.11138/oi.v16i2.47 130.

Palermo

Naciu

Tabacco

Manfrini

Trimboli

Vescini

Calcium citrate: from biochemistry and physiology to clinical applications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. (2019) 20:353–64. 10.1007/s11154-019-09520-0

31643038

131.Saccomanno

Martini

D’Alatri

Farina

Grippaudo

. A specific protocol of myo-functional therapy in children with down syndrome. A pilot study. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2018) 19:243–6. 10.23804/ejpd.2018.19.03.14

30063159

132.Saccomanno

Di Tullio

D’Alatri

Grippaudo

. Proposal for a myofunctional therapy protocol in case of altered lingual frenulum. A pilot study. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2019) 20:67–72. 10.23804/ejpd.2019.20.01.13

30919648

133.Saccomanno

Saran

Laganà

Mastrapasqua

Grippaudo

. Motivation, perception, and behavior of the adult orthodontic patient: a survey analysis. Biomed Res Int. (2022) 2022:2754051. 10.1155/2022/2754051

35281602

134.Upadhyay

Y-X

Bromberg

. From infection to colonization: the role of Microbiota in transplantation. Am J Transplant. (2013) 13:829. 10.1111/ajt.12232

23551627

135.

Levrini

Carganico

Deppieri

Saran

Bocchieri

Zecca

Predictability of invisalign® clear aligners using OrthoPulse®: a retrospective study. Dent J (Basel). (2022) 10:229. 10.3390/dj10120229

36547046

136.Upadhyay

Abu Arqub

. Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles. J. World Fed Orthod. (2022) 11:12–21. 10.1016/j.ejwf.2021.11.002

34965910

137.Tamer

Öztaş

Marşan

. Orthodontic treatment with clear aligners and the scientific reality behind their marketing: a literature review. Turk J Orthod. (2019) 32:241–6. 10.5152/TurkJOrthod.2019.18083

32110470

138.Jiang

Wang

Zhou

Shen

Yen

Zou

. Bioceramic micro-fillers reinforce antibiofilm and remineralization properties of clear aligner attachment materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. (2023) 11:1346959. 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1346959

38318418

139.Alam

Hajeer

Alahmed

Alrubayan

Almasri

. A comparative study on the efficiency of clear aligners versus conventional braces in adult orthodontic patients. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. (2024) 16:S3637–9. 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1161_24

39926892

140.Saccomanno

Antonini

D’Alatri

D’Angeloantonio

Fiorita

Deli

. Case report of patients treated with an orthodontic and myofunctional protocol. Eur J Paediatr Dent. (2014) 15:184–6.25101498 141.

Inchingolo

Palmieri

Di Pede

Garofoli

de Ruvo

Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with clear aligners vs. Fixed appliances—a systematic review. Appl Sci. (2024) 14:690. 10.3390/app14020690 142.Weir

. Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment. Aust Dent J. (2017) 62(Suppl 1):58–62. 10.1111/adj.12480

28297094

143.

Wang

Long

Zhao

Bai

Han

Wang

Expert consensus on the clinical strategies for orthodontic treatment with clear aligners. Int J Oral Sci. (2025) 17:19. 10.1038/s41368-025-00350-2

40074738

144.Duong

Kuo

. Finishing with invisalign. Prog Orthod. (2006) 7:44–55.16552455 145.Liu

Zhang

Shan

. Application of artificial intelligence in orthodontics: current state and future perspectives. Healthcare (Basel). (2023) 11:2760. 10.3390/healthcare11202760

37893833

146.Alam

Abutayyem

Kanwal

Shayeb

MAL

. Future of orthodontics—a systematic review and meta-analysis on the emerging trends in this field. J Clin Med. (2023) 12(532). 10.3390/jcm12020532 147.Kahn

Ehrlich

Feldman

Sapolsky

Wong

. The jaw epidemic: recognition, origins, cures, and prevention. Bioscience. (2020) 70:759–71. 10.1093/biosci/biaa073

32973408

148.Šitum

Filipović

Buljan

. A reminder of skin cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. (2021) 291:58. 149.

Sutherland

Vanderveken

Tsuda

Marklund

Gagnadoux

Kushida

Oral appliance treatment for obstructive sleep apnea: an update. J Clin Sleep Med. (2014) 10:215–27. 10.5664/jcsm.3460

24533007

150.

Phillips

Grunstein

Darendeliler

Mihailidou

Srinivasan

Yee

Health outcomes of continuous positive airway pressure versus oral appliance treatment for obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. (2013) 187:879–87. 10.1164/rccm.201212-2223OC

23413266

151.

Inchingolo

Ferrara

Viapiano

Netti

Campanelli

Buongiorno

Rapid maxillary expansion on the adolescent patient: systematic review and case report. Children (Basel). (2022) 9:1046. 10.3390/children9071046

35884030

152.De Gabriele

Dallatana

Riva

Vasudavan

Wilmes

. The easy driver for placement of palatal Mini-implants and a maxillary expander in a single appointment. J Clin Orthod. (2017) 51:728–37.29360638 153.

Inchingolo

Tatullo

Marrelli

Inchingolo

Corelli

Inchingolo

Clinical case-study describing the use of skin-perichondrium-cartilage graft from the auricular concha to cover large defects of the nose. Head Face Med. (2012) 8:10. 10.1186/1746-160X-8-10

22429738

154.White

Shafazand

. Mandibular advancement device vs. CPAP in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: are they equally effective in short term health outcomes? J Clin Sleep Med. (2013) 9:971–2. 10.5664/jcsm.3008

23997711

155.

Sharples

Glover

Clutterbuck-James

Bennett

Jordan

Chadwick

Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness results from the randomised controlled trial of oral mandibular advancement devices for obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea (TOMADO) and long-term economic analysis of oral devices and continuous positive airway pressure. Health Technol Assess. (2014) 18:1–296. 10.3310/hta18670

25359435

156.

Gogou

Psarras

Giannakopoulos

Minaritzoglou

Tsolakis

Margaritis

Comparing efficacy of the mandibular advancement device after drug-induced sleep endoscopy and continuous positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. (2024) 28:773–88. 10.1007/s11325-023-02958-2

38085497

157.Avvanzo

Ciavarella

Avvanzo

Giannone

Carella

Lo Muzio

. Immediate placement and temporization of implants: three- to five-year retrospective results. J Oral Implantol. (2009) 35:136–42. 10.1563/1548-1336-35.3.136

19579525

158.Baxmann

Baráth

Kárpáti

. The role of psychology and communication skills in orthodontic practice: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. (2024) 24:1472. 10.1186/s12909-024-06451-6

39696160

159.Ma

Huang

Jiang

J-H

. Morphological analysis of the alveolar bone of the anterior teeth in severe high-angle skeletal class II and class III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. PLoS One. (2019) 14:e0210461. 10.1371/journal.pone.0210461

30908485

160.Athanasiou

. Global guidelines for education and their impact on the orthodontics profession through the years. Semin Orthod. (2024) 30:385–8. 10.1053/j.sodo.2024.04.010 161.Zhang

. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of orthodontic treatment among student patients preparing for or undergoing treatment. Sci Rep. (2025) 15:17838. 10.1038/s41598-025-97801-x

40595362

162.Oh

Chadwick

. Perceptions of orthodontic specialist training in the United Kingdom: a national survey of postgraduate orthodontic student opinion. J Orthod. (2016) 43:202–17. 10.1080/14653125.2016.1204510

27494643

163.Chawla

Ryan

Cunningham

. Orthodontic Trainees’ perceptions of effective feedback in the United Kingdom. Eur J Dent Educ. (2025) 29:211–8. 10.1111/eje.13063

39679748

164.Gaunt

Markham

Pawlikowska

TRB

. Exploring the role of self-motives in postgraduate Trainees’ feedback-seeking behavior in the clinical workplace: a multicenter study of workplace-based assessments from the United Kingdom. Acad Med. (2018) 93:1576–83. 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002348

29979211

165.

Gaunt

Patel

Fallis

Rusius

Mylvaganam

Royle

Surgical trainee feedback-seeking behavior in the context of workplace-based assessment in clinical settings. Acad Med. (2017) 92:827–34. 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001523

28557949

166.

Saran

Saccomanno

Petricca

Carganico

Bocchieri

Mastrapasqua

Physiotherapists and Osteopaths’ attitudes: training in management of temporomandibular disorders. Dent J (Basel). (2022) 10:210. 10.3390/dj10110210

36354655

167.Preshaw

Minnery

Dunn

Bissett

. Teamworking in dentistry: the importance for dentists, dental hygienists and dental therapists to work effectively together-A narrative review. Int J Dent Hyg. (2024. 10.1111/idh.12874 168.Teusner

Amarasena

Satur

Chrisopoulos

Brennan

. Applied scope of practice of oral health therapists, dental hygienists and dental therapists. Aust Dent J. (2016) 61:342–9. 10.1111/adj.12381

26465634

169.

Rosen

DiazGranados

Dietz

Benishek

Thompson

Pronovost

Teamwork in healthcare: key discoveries enabling safer, high-quality care. Am Psychol. (2018) 73:433–50. 10.1037/amp0000298

29792459

170.McLaney

Morassaei

Hughes

Davies

Campbell

Di Prospero

. A framework for interprofessional team collaboration in a hospital setting: advancing team competencies and behaviours. Healthc Manage Forum. (2022) 35:112–7. 10.1177/08404704211063584

35057649

171.Brandt

Lutfiyya

King

Chioreso

. A scoping review of interprofessional collaborative practice and education using the Lens of the triple aim. J Interprof Care. (2014) 28:393–9. 10.3109/13561820.2014.906391

24702046

172.

Farronato

Giannì

Inchingolo

Nucci

Tartaglia

Effects on muscular activity after surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion: a prospective observational study. Bioengineering. (2022) 9:361. 10.3390/bioengineering9080361

36004886

173.

Inchingolo

Dipalma

Inchingolo

Malcangi

Santacroce

D’Oria

The 15-months clinical experience of SARS-CoV-2: a literature review of therapies and adjuvants. Antioxidants (Basel. (2021) 10(881). 10.3390/antiox10060881

34072708

174.Maheshwer

. Chapter 48—survey studies and questionnaires. In: Eltorai AEM, Bakal JA, DeFroda S, Owens BD, editors. Translational Sports Medicine. Cambridge (MA): Academic Press (2023). p. 229–32. 175.Ghafourifard

. Survey fatigue in questionnaire based research: the issues and solutions. J Caring Sci. (2024) 13:214–5. 10.34172/jcs.33287

39974826

176.Reducing Respondents’ Perceptions of Bias in Survey Research - Adam Mayer. (2021). Available online: Available online at:

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/20597991211055952

(Accessed on July 8, 2025). 177.Behind the Numbers: Questioning Questionnaires - Katja Einola, Mats Alvesson. (2021). Available online: Available online at:

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1056492620938139

(Accessed on 8 July 2025). 178.LaDonna

Taylor

Lingard

. Why open-ended survey questions are unlikely to support rigorous qualitative insights. Acad Med. (2018) 93:347–9. 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002088

29215376

179.

Kelly

Ellaway

Reid

Ganshorn

Yardley

Bennett

Considering axiological integrity: a methodological analysis of qualitative evidence syntheses, and its implications for health professions education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. (2018) 23:833–51. 10.1007/s10459-018-9829-y

29761255

180.Rich

Handley

Inder

Perkins

. An experiment in using open-text comments from the Australian rural mental health study on health service priorities. Rural Remote Health. (2018) 18:4208. 10.22605/RRH4208

29397045

181.Castleman

Meyer

. Financial constraints & collegiate student learning: a behavioral economics perspective. Daedalus. (2019) 148:195–216. 10.1162/daed_a_01767 182.(PDF) Financial Inclusion in Rural Areas: Challenges and Opportunities Available online: Available online at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368691910_Financial_Inclusion_in_Rural_Areas_Challenges_and_Opportunities

(Accessed on July 8, 2025). 183.

Field

Vital

Murphy

Dixon

Davies

Kavadella

The graduating European dentist curriculum framework: a multi-stakeholder view. Eur J Dent Educ. (2025). 10.1111/eje.70028