AUTHOR=Tuggener Lukas , Stadelmann Thilo , Schmidhuber Jürgen 

TITLE=Efficient rotation invariance in deep neural networks through artificial mental rotation

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Computer Science

VOLUME=Volume 7 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1644044

DOI=10.3389/fcomp.2025.1644044

ISSN=2624-9898

ABSTRACT=Humans and animals recognize objects irrespective of the beholder's point of view, which may drastically change their appearance. Artificial pattern recognizers strive to also achieve this, e.g., through translational invariance in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, CNNs and vision transformers (ViTs) both perform poorly on rotated inputs. Here we present AMR (artificial mental rotation), a method for dealing with in-plane rotations focusing on large datasets and architectural flexibility, our simple AMR implementation works with all common CNN and ViT architectures. We test it on randomly rotated versions of ImageNet, Stanford Cars, and Oxford Pet. With a top-1 error (averaged across datasets and architectures) of 0.743, AMR outperforms rotational data augmentation (average top-1 error of 0.626) by 19%. We also easily transfer a trained AMR module to a downstream task to improve the performance of a pre-trained semantic segmentation model on rotated CoCo from 32.7 to 55.2 IoU.