AUTHOR=Mohapatra Hitesh 

TITLE=Adaptive ant colony methods for UAV LEO coordination in non terrestrial IoT

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Communications and Networks

VOLUME=Volume 6 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/communications-and-networks/articles/10.3389/frcmn.2025.1691346

DOI=10.3389/frcmn.2025.1691346

ISSN=2673-530X

ABSTRACT=IntroductionThis work presents an adaptive ant colony (AdCO) framework for dynamic task management in heterogeneous Non-Terrestrial Network–Internet of Things (NTN-IoT) systems integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. The framework addresses key challenges such as stochastic mobility, intermittent connectivity, and latency-sensitive operations common in large-scale IoT deployments.MethodsThe proposed approach employs adaptive pheromone learning, heuristic control, and multi-timescale scheduling. It follows a hierarchical co-optimization strategy, where UAV swarms perform edge-side task allocation while LEO satellites handle relay scheduling during orbital passes. Event-triggered pheromone resets and distributionally robust cost modeling are introduced to maintain stability and adaptability under dynamic network conditions.ResultsSimulation results demonstrate superior performance compared to classical Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and recent meta-heuristic methods. The proposed model achieves higher task completion ratios, reduced end-to-end latency, and enhanced energy-normalized throughput across different orbital configurations, traffic patterns, and link failures.DiscussionThe findings confirm the efficiency and resilience of the proposed framework in NTN-IoT operations. Its adaptability makes it suitable for critical applications such as disaster response, precision agriculture, and maritime monitoring, where real-time coordination and reliability are essential.