AUTHOR=Pan Keying , Ju Wenhan , Wang Yue , Zhang Qianwen , Wang Ruyi , Jiang Xingyue , Zhao Shuai 

TITLE=Extracellular vesicles in reproductive medicine: from “animal-led” to “plant-enabled”

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology

VOLUME=Volume 13 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2025.1718643

DOI=10.3389/fcell.2025.1718643

ISSN=2296-634X

ABSTRACT=Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication in reproductive medicine, demonstrating considerable potential for both understanding and treating reproductive disorders. By precisely regulating key processes such as follicular development, embryo implantation, and the immune microenvironment, EVs present innovative opportunities for the precision treatment of infertility. However, the clinical translation of conventional animal-derived EVs faces significant challenges, including inherent heterogeneity, difficulties in scalable production, and ethical concerns. These limitations have accelerated the exploration of sustainable and safer alternatives, notably plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs). This paradigm shift from animal to plant sources is paving the way for a new era of green precision medicine in EV-based therapies.