This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted in a 350 bedded tertiary care academic hospital in the private sector, in the northern Emirate of UAE. List of all patients who underwent PCI at the study site between January 2021 and June 2023 were obtained from the hospital medical records department.

A total of 178 patients were initially identified from hospital medical records. Inclusion criteria was patients aged ≥18 years of either gender who underwent PCI during the study period. Patients with incomplete medical records or those who did not survive till discharge, patients with severe bleeding disorders or severe liver disease or renal impairment, or reported hypersensitivity to any of the OMT drug classess were excluded.

Data were collected from the hospital's electronic medical records through individual chart review capturing baseline patient characteristics, clinical history, procedural data, and home medications. Information was systematically collected at the discharge and during follow-up visits at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months. Key variables included age, gender, nationality, body mass index (BMI), smoking and alcohol use, marital status, comorbidities (such as hypertension and diabetes), previous cardiovascular disease history, number of stents used, and medications prescribed during hospitalization and at discharge along with complications if any reported during the hospitalization period.

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Gulf Medical University (Ref. no. IRB-COP-STD-48-NOV-2023) and adhered to the ethical guidelines of the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, informed consent was waived. Patient onfidentiality was maintained by de-identifying data prior to analysis.

The primary outcome of this study was to find the poportion of patients prescribed OMT at discharge. Secondary outcomes included assess the temporal trends in OMT prescriptions, effect of patient factors in OMT prescriptions. OMT was defined as the prescription of a combination of aspirin, a P2Y12 inhibitor (such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor), a statin, a beta-blocker, and an ACEI or ARB. Data were also stratified by patients with ACS and those who underwent elective PCI.

The Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk test was done to assess the normality of the data set. Continuous variables that did not follow a normal distribution were reported as median and interquartile range (IQR). Comparisons between groups for continuous variables were performed using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages and group comparisons were conducted using the the Chi-square test.

To identify the factors associated with OMT prescription at discharge, binary logistic regression was used. Predictor variables included age, gender, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia), smoking status, and previous cardiovascular history. The strength of association between these factors and OMT prescription was expressed as Odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). An alpha value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 29.

A total of 178 patients underwent coronary angiography. Of these, 72 patients were excluded based on the following criteria: 2 patients died prior to intervention, 4 had normal coronary arteries, 16 were referred for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and 48 were managed conservatively. Additionally, 2 patient records were duplicates. Of the remaining cohort, 106 patients received percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), among whom 3 did not survive to hospital discharge. Thus, the final study population comprised 103 patients who underwent PCI and were discharged home. All patients were followed throughout hospitalization, up to discharge. A total of 103 patients were included in the analysis, with 64 patients in the non-optimal medical therapy (No OMT) group and 39 in the optimal medical therapy (OMT) group. Tables 1, 2 present the patient charecteristics of the study cohort.

The majority of patients were under 60 years of age (88.3%), male (93.2%), and non-Arab (74.8%), with no statistically significant differences observed between OMT and No OMT groups for age, ethnicity, or gender. Patients were predominantly of South Asian origin. Most patients were non-smokers (61.2%) and reported no alcohol use (94.2%). Marital status was largely homogenous across groups (88.3% married). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were significantly more prevalent in the OMT group compared to the No OMT group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). No significant differences were noted in the prevalence of dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, or pulmonary comorbidities (asthma/COPD). Prior PCI history and PCI indication (elective vs. ACS) also showed no statistically significant variation between groups, although ACS was more common in the OMT group (92.3%). Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, neutrophil count, and white blood cell levels were elevated in a notable proportion of patients but did not differ significantly between groups.

Table 2 shows that the median age across all patients was 49.0 years (IQR: 44.3–54.1), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.92). Weight, height, and BMI were also comparable between the No OMT and OMT groups (p-values: 0.25, 0.54, and 0.26, respectively).

Hemodynamic parameters including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse rate showed no statistically significant differences between groups (SBP p = 0.44; DBP p = 0.61; pulse p = 0.20). Troponin I levels were higher in the No OMT group [2.62 ng/ml (IQR: 0.3–17.6)] compared to the OMT group [1.38 ng/ml (IQR: 0.15–8.5)], though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.33). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was comparable between groups (p = 0.92).

Regarding the indication for PCI, 15.5% of patients underwent elective PCI, while 84.5% were treated for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Among ACS cases, 75.7% had acute myocardial infarction, with STEMI accounting for 56.3%. PCI was performed for the first time in 87.4% of patients. A single drug-eluting stent was used in 45.3% of patients, while two stents were implanted in 33% of cases. Staged PCI was performed in 15.6% of patients. The median hospital stay was 3 days. Follow up visits reported at one week, and at 1, 6, and 12 months were respectively 80%, 59%, 48%, and 37%.

Among the 103 patients evaluated at discharge, aspirin (97.1%), P2Y12 inhibitors (99.0%), and statins (99.0%) were the most consistently prescribed agents. Beta blockers were prescribed to 66.0% of patients, while RAAS inhibitors (ACEI/ARB) were used in 57.3%. Notably, SGLT2 inhibitors were prescribed in 39.8% of cases. Prescription rates for Entresto, amiodarone, and calcium channel blockers (CCB) were relatively low (6.8%, 6.8%, and 21.4%, respectively) indicating targeted use in specific comorbid conditions such as heart failure or arrhythmias. Anticoagulant prescriptions were rare at discharge, with warfarin and DOACs prescribed in only 1.0% and 2.9% of patients, respectively. Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) was documented in 81.6% of cases.

Figure 1 displays the trends in discharge prescription of cardiovascular medications from 2021 to 2023. Over the three-year period, aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors consistently demonstrated high utilization rates at discharge, maintaining near-universal prescription across all years (aspirin: 91%–100%; P2Y12 inhibitors: 98%–100%). Statin use was also consistently high, reaching 100% in 2022 and 2023. In contrast, the use of beta blockers declined markedly—from 100% in 2021 to 58% and 55% in 2022 and 2023, respectively—suggesting a shift in prescribing patterns or changes in patient eligibility. Use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) also declined modestly over time (73% in 2021 to 63% in 2023). Notably, prescription of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) increased substantially, from 9% in 2021 to 61% in 2023. This reflects the growing integration of SGLT2i into cardiovascular care following expanding indications and stronger evidence supporting their cardioprotective benefits.

Figure 2 shows that patients with diabetes had higher rates of cardiovascular medication use at discharge compared to those without diabetes. DAPT and statins were prescribed to nearly all patients in both groups. Beta-blockers, RAAS inhibitors, and especially SGLT2 inhibitors were more frequently used in diabetic patients, reflecting risk-based prescribing patterns.

Table 4 shows that no statistically significant differences were observed in the prescription patterns between elective and ACS groups for the medications assessed. High overall uptake of aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors, beta blockers, and statins reflects adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy. Slight variations in SGLT2 inhibitor and ACEI/ARB use did not reach statistical significance.

We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess the association between clinical predictors and the likelihood of receiving optimal medical therapy (OMT). Table 5 shows comparison of crude and adjusted odds ratios revealed that while diabetes and hypertension were strong predictors of OMT use in both unadjusted and adjusted models, variables like reduced eGFR, age >50 years, and acute heart failure showed substantially stronger associations after controlling for confounders. Reduced eGFR (<60 ml/min/1.73 m²) emerged as a significant independent predictor only after adjustment (aOR 11.4, 95% CI 1.09–119.8, p = 0.042).

Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes showed a consistent and statistically significant association with OMT prescription across all models. The unadjusted OR was 2.98 (95% CI: 1.30–6.81; p = 0.01), which remained significant in both Model 1 (adjusted OR 3.77; 95% CI: 1.31–10.84; p = 0.014) and Model 4 (adjusted OR 3.86; 95% CI: 1.42–10.52; p = 0.008), reflecting a strong independent association.

Hypertension: Hypertension was also a robust predictor of OMT use, with a crude OR of 4.86 (95% CI: 1.88–12.63; p = 0.001). The association remained significant in both Model 1 (adjusted OR 5.94; 95% CI: 1.90–18.56; p = 0.002) and Model 4 (adjusted OR 5.99; 95% CI: 2.04–17.60; p = 0.001), reinforcing its role as a key determinant in prescribing decisions.

Age >50 Years: Older age was inversely associated with OMT use. Although the crude OR was not statistically significant (OR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.21–1.09; p = 0.08), the association became highly significant after adjustment in Model 1 (adjusted OR 0.18; 95% CI: 0.06–0.58; p = 0.004) and Model 4 (adjusted OR 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08–0.65; p = 0.006), suggesting a lower likelihood of OMT among older patients.

Acute Heart Failure: Acute HF showed a non-significant protective trend in the crude model (OR 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02–1.32; p = 0.09), but this association became significant in adjusted analyses. In Model 1, the adjusted OR was 0.05 (95% CI: 0.004–0.47; p = 0.009), and in Model 4 it remained consistent (adjusted OR 0.06; 95% CI: 0.006–0.60; p = 0.02), indicating markedly lower odds of OMT prescription among patients with acute HF.

ACS vs. Elective PCI: Presentation with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) showed a trend toward higher OMT prescription (crude OR 3.06; 95% CI: 0.81–11.52; p = 0.10), but this did not reach significance in adjusted models (Model 1 adjusted OR 2.79; 95% CI: 0.57–13.51; p = 0.206), suggesting the association may be influenced by confounding.

eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m²: In the unadjusted analysis, reduced eGFR was associated with a non-significant increase in odds of receiving OMT (OR 3.49; 95% CI: 0.61–20.01; p = 0.16). However, after adjusting for covariates in Model 1, the association became statistically significant (adjusted OR 11.42; 95% CI: 1.09–119.84; p = 0.042), indicating that patients with renal impairment were substantially more likely to receive OMT when accounting for comorbidities.

Smoking and Gender: Smoking status and gender were not significantly associated with OMT prescription in either unadjusted or adjusted models. In Model 1, smoking had an adjusted OR of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.18–1.76; p = 0.326), and gender had an OR of 0.25 (95% CI: 0.03–2.20; p = 0.21).

Diabetes, hypertension, and reduced eGFR emerged as strong positive predictors of OMT use, while age above 50 years and acute HF were associated with lower odds of receiving therapy. These findings suggest targeted interventions may be needed to address underutilization of OMT in older adults and those with acute HF, while CKD may paradoxically act as a trigger for more aggressive treatment due to perceived cardiovascular risk.

Follow up visits reported at one week, and at 1, 6, and 12 months were respectively 80%, 59%, 48%, and 37%. At discharge, prescription rates were highest for P2Y12 inhibitors (99%), aspirin (97%) and statins (99%). By 12 months, these rates were 94.7%, 89.5% and 100% respectively. Among P2Y12 inhibitors, 78% of patients received ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily, while 20% were prescribed clopidogrel 75 mg once daily. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitors were prescribed to 97% of patients at discharge, decreasing to 86.8% at the 12 months follow up. This could be due to the discontinuation of either aspirin or P2Y12 inhibitors at some point. High-intensity statin was prescribed in 89% of cases at discharge.

Complared to antiplatelets and statins, beta-blockers and ACEIs/ARBs had lower prescription rates at discharge (61.1% and 57.3% respectively). Beta-blocker use increased to 78.9% at the 12 month mark, while ACEIs/ARBs use remained relatively stable.

The rate of OMT prescription at discharge in our cohort (37.9%) aligns with international findings, ranging from 25% to 60% depending on region and registry (12, 16–21). These variations reflect differences in patient profiles, year of data collection, healthcare infrastructure, insurance coverage, and the differences in operational definition of OMT across studies. Compared to other studies, our cohort consisted of a significantly younger male population.

In our study, aspirin (97.1%), P2Y12 inhibitors (99.0%), and statins (99.0%) prescriptions were higher where as the use of ACEI/ARBs (57.3%) and beta blocker (66%) were lower compared to a large prospective study from New Zealand and Australia (20). Temporal pattern showed increase in the use of SGLT2 inhibitors from 2021 to 2023 while ACEI/ARBs and beta blocker use were decreasing. This change could be due to the guideline updates and more publications on SGLT2 inhibitors. The 2020 European Society of Cardiology guidelines and the 2025 ACC/AHA guidelines do not recommend the use of ACEI/ARBs for all ACS patients unless reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%, diabetes or chronic kidney disease or hypertension are present. Beta blockers are recommended during ACS hospitalization unless contraindicated. In case of stable ishcemic heart disease patient with elective PCI, chronic beta blocker use has no benefit in reducing cardiovascular events unless there is other indications like angina, arrhythmia, hypertension, or reduced ejection fraction (3, 22, 23). Clinical inertia, patient comorbidities, or contraindications such as low BP could be the reason for lower use of these drugs. The inclusion of elective PCI cases in our cohort also partly explain the lower overall rate of OMT at discharge.

Multivariable regression analysis highlighted diabetes mellitus and hypertension as robust, independent predictors of OMT prescription. This reflects clinician recognition of elevated cardiovascular risk and adherence to guideline-based risk stratification. Interestingly, renal impairment (eGFR <60) was also associated with greater odds of OMT use after adjustment. This is due to the perceived cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease as well as the nephrology consultation that resulted in adding ACEI/ARBs to reduce the proteinuria and CKD progression. Patients above 50 years and those with acute heart failure were significantly less likely to receive OMT. These associations reflect concerns about hypotension, drug tolerability, or polypharmacy in older and acutely unwell individuals. Hypotension and acute heart failure could negatively affect the initiation of ACEI/ARBs as well as beta blockers. Gender and smoking status, commonly studied determinants, did not significantly affect prescribing decisions in our cohort. This observation is consistent with global trends where OMT prescriptions decrease with age despite evidence that OMT provides significant survival benefits across all age groups (24, 25). These results emphasize the need for personalized treatment strategies, especially in the older population, taking into account their frailty and coexisting medical conditions.

Longitudinal analysis from 2021 to 2023 revealed stable and high prescription rates of aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors, and statins, with over 90% of patients consistently receiving these agents. However, β-blocker use declined substantially from 100% in 2021 to 55% in 2023. RAAS inhibitor use also showed a modest decline. These trends reflect a shift in clinical practice, changing patient profiles, or increased recognition of contraindications. Conversely, prescription of SGLT2i rose markedly, from 9% in 2021 to 61% in 2023. This trend mirrors recent international guidelines and trials, supporting the integration of SGLT2i into cardiovascular care.

Eventhough there were good guideline adherence to antithrombotics and lipid lowering therapy, there are areas of improvement. The observed discrepancies in medication use patterns, especially among older adults and those with heart failure, suggest the need for targeted interventions. Physicians reluctancy to prescribe aggressive medication therapies to avoid adverse effects, not aware of the indication and clincial benefit of the drugs could be the reason for underutilization (26, 27). These may include standardized discharge checklists, involvement of clinical pharmacists, or use of clinical decision-support systems to flag eligible patients not receiving OMT (18–21, 26).According to various studies, prescribing OMT at discharge is linked to better patient adherence, improved clinical outcomes in the long term, and a reduction in 1-year all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (18–21, 28). In a single-center, real-world observational study involving over 9,000 patients with acute coronary syndrome found that the prescription of OMT at discharge was associated with a reduction in 1-year mortality. Additionally, patients who received OMT without either a beta-blocker or ACEI/ARBs experienced better clinical outcomes compared to those who did not receive OMT (15). Delaying the in-hospital initiation of OMT has consistently been linked to patients either never starting the therapy or experiencing significant delays before it begins (29). With growing PCI volumes in the UAE and similar healthcare systems, ensuring consistent OMT prescription at discharge could yield substantial public health benefits.

Limitations include the single-center design, modest sample size, and observational nature, which limit generalizability. Eventhough the follow up was for 12 months, high attrition rate limited analysis of the follow up data. Medication adherence was not measured in this study.

LVEF is an important factor influencing the prescription of OMT, but was not available for all patients and hence was not analysed. Patients with contraindications to antithrombotic and lipid lowering therapy were not included in the population.