Front. Cardiovasc. Med. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2297-055X Frontiers Media S.A. 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1395606 Cardiovascular Medicine Systematic Review Optical coherence tomography-guided vs. intravascular ultrasound-guided percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials VatsVaibhav 1 ElahiAarij 2 HidriSinda 3 AbdelkaderRem Ehab 4 MunafFarhan 5 PrinceJennifer Mercika 6 AsifMuhammad Ahsan 7 CheemaHuzaifa Ahmad 8 * AhmadAdeel 9 RehmanWajeeh Ur 10 NashwanAbdulqadir J. 11 AhmedRaheel 12 13 LakhterVladimir 14 VirkHafeez Ul Hassan 15 VincentRoyce P. 16 17 * Department of Medicine, Smt. Kashibai Navale Medical College and General Hospital, Pune, India Department of Medicine, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Pontyclun, United Kingdom Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States Department of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt Department of Medicine, Liaquat National Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore, Singapore Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan Department of Cardiology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan Department of Internal Medicine, Mass General Brigham-Salem Hospital, Salem, MA, United States Department of Internal Medicine, United Health Services Hospital, Johnson, NY, United States Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Adena Regional Medical Center, Chillicothe, OH, United States Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom Honorary Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

Edited by: Gianluca Caiazzo, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Caserta, Italy

Reviewed by: Michela Faggioni, University of Pennsylvania, United States

Ismail Dogu Kilic, Pamukkale University, Türkiye

 Correspondence: Royce P. Vincent royce.vincent@nhs.net Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema huzaifaahmadcheema@gmail.com 31052024 2024 111395606 18032024 20052024 © 2024 Vats, Elahi, Hidri, Abdelkader, Munaf, Prince, Asif, Cheema, Ahmad, Rehman, Nashwan, Ahmed, Lakhter, Virk and Vincent. 2024Vats, Elahi, Hidri, Abdelkader, Munaf, Prince, Asif, Cheema, Ahmad, Rehman, Nashwan, Ahmed, Lakhter, Virk and Vincent

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

 Background

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) are superior to coronary angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, whether one technique is superior to the other is inconclusive.

 Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to November 2023 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing OCT and IVUS in patients undergoing PCI. RevMan 5.4 was used to pool outcomes with risk ratio (RR) as the effect measure.

 Results

Six RCTs (4,402 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. There was no significant difference between the OCT- and IVUS-guided PCI groups in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (RR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.16; I2 = 0%) and cardiac mortality (RR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.24, 2.21; I2 = 0%). The results were consistent across the subgroups of the presence or absence of left main disease (Pinteraction >0.1). There were no significant differences between OCT and IVUS in the risk of target lesion revascularization (RR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.47, 1.30; I2 = 0%), target vessel revascularization (RR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.62; I2 = 0%), target-vessel myocardial infarction (RR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.53; I2 = 0%), stent thrombosis (RR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.12, 2.97; I2 = 0%), and all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.90; I2 = 0%).

 Conclusions

Our meta-analysis demonstrated similar clinical outcomes in OCT- and IVUS-guided PCI. New large-scale multicenter RCTs with long-term follow-up are required to confirm or refute our findings and provide more reliable results.

 Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO, identifier, CRD42023486933

 optical coherence tomography intravascular ultrasound percutaneous coronary intervention OCT IVUS section-at-acceptanceCoronary Artery Disease Introduction

Despite its known limitations, coronary angiography has long been considered the gold standard for diagnosing coronary artery disease and guiding percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (1). More specifically, its reliance on a 2-dimensional projection falls short of fully capturing the 3-dimensional nature of the coronary lumen (2).

Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) have emerged as valuable tools capable of overcoming several limitations associated with coronary angiography (1). Multiple studies have indicated that IVUS- and OCT-guided PCI yield better clinical outcomes, including reduced cardiac mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE), compared to coronary angiography-guided PCI (3–5). IVUS optimizes and guides stent placement by providing enhanced information regarding vessel lumen dimensions, plaque characteristics, overall plaque burden, and the extent of calcification (6). OCT offers higher resolution than IVUS and can be particularly helpful in guiding PCI, especially in lipid-rich plaque and severely calcified lesions (6, 7).

While multiple trials have focused on establishing the superiority of IVUS and OCT compared to coronary angiography alone, only a limited number of studies have compared OCT directly to IVUS. Previous meta-analyses have largely focused on indirect comparisons to determine which imaging modality is superior to the other (3, 4) and, in some cases, have also included observational studies that provide a poorer quality of evidence (4, 5). Recently, the results of the largest trial to date addressing this question, the OCTIVUS trial (2,008 patients), have been published (8). Therefore, we sought to conduct this meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of OCT-guided PCI to IVUS-guided PCI using data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

 Methods

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement and the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines (9, 10). The protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the following identifier (CRD42023486933). No form of ethical approval was required for our study as only publicly available data was used.

Data sources and searches

The following databases were searched from inception to November 2023: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, via the Cochrane Library), and ClinicalTrials.gov. A search strategy comprising relevant medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords was utilized and has been reported in detail in Supplementary Table S1. In addition, a partial grey literature search (via Google Scholar) and backward citation tracking using relevant medical literature were also conducted.

 Eligibility criteria

Studies meeting the following criteria were included: (1) study design: RCTs only; (2) population: patients undergoing PCI regardless of indication; (3) intervention: OCT-guided PCI; (4) comparator: IVUS-guided PCI; (5) outcomes: reporting of any outcome of interest. For multi-arm trials, only data for the IVUS and OCT arms were obtained.

The exclusion criteria included the following: (1) all study designs other than RCTs, such as quasi-randomized trials and observational studies; (2) studies conducted on animals; and (3) single-arm trials.

 Study selection and data extraction

All literature retrieved from our search was imported into Mendeley Desktop 1.19.8, where all duplicates were removed; studies were then transferred to Rayyan to begin the screening process. Two reviewers independently screened the title and abstract of all relevant papers, followed by a full-text screening. The two authors resorted to discussion and consultation with a third author to resolve conflicts.

Data regarding study characteristics (including authors, trial name, and study location), patient population (including age and gender), cardiac disease (acute coronary syndrome, left main disease, multi-vessel disease, as well as lesion type and type of stent), study follow-up, and primary and secondary outcomes were extracted into a pre-piloted Excel spreadsheet.

 Outcomes

Our primary outcomes were the incidence of MACE and cardiac mortality. Our secondary outcomes included target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), target vessel myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis, and all-cause mortality.

 Risk of bias assessment

In order to assess the internal validity of the included RCTs, two authors independently applied the revised Cochrane “Risk of Bias” tool (RoB 2.0) (11). RoB 2.0 assesses the risk of bias using the following five domains: randomization process, deviations from intended interventions, missing outcome data, measurement of outcome, and selective outcome reporting. The studies were assigned a rating of low risk of bias, some concerns, or a high risk of bias. Any disagreement was resolved by consulting a third reviewer.

 Data synthesis

The meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager (RevMan, Version 5.4; The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) under a random-effects model. Risk ratio (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was utilized as the effect measure. We used the I2 and Chi2 statistics to report statistical heterogeneity (I2 = 25%–50% was considered mild, 50%–75% moderate, and >75% severe heterogeneity). Additionally, a subgroup analysis based on including or excluding patients with left main disease in the studies was undertaken for our primary outcomes. A P-value of <0.1 was considered critical for the test for subgroup differences (12). Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding studies at a high risk of bias. It is not recommended to assess publication bias when the number of included studies is less than 10; nevertheless, for our primary outcomes, we constructed funnel plots and ran Egger's regression test to evaluate for publication bias.

 Results Study selection and characteristics

A total of 6 RCTs (4,402 patients) were included in this meta-analysis after a thorough systemic search (Figure 1) (13–17). Two of these studies were from Japan (13, 16), two from South Korea (8, 14), and one from Brazil (15); the remaining study was conducted in 8 countries (17). Three RCTs included patients with left main disease (8, 14, 16). The types of lesions differed between the trials, including thrombotic lesions, calcifications, and bifurcation lesions. Detailed information about each study is provided in Tables 1, 2.

PRISMA 2020 flowchart of the study selection procedure.

Characteristics of included studies and main baseline clinical characteristics of included patients.

Study ID Trial name Location Study arms No. of patients Age (years) Male (%) ACS (%) LM (%) Diabetes (%) Previous MI (%) Previous PCI (%) Lesion type Stent type MACE definition Follow-up duration
Kubo et al. (16) OPINION Japan OCT vs. IVUS 829 (414 vs. 415) 69 ± 9 vs. 68 ± 9 76.5 vs. 79.5 11.7 vs. 13.1 74.5 vs. 70.1 41 vs. 40.7 17 vs. 15.1 34 vs. 34.6 Thrombus, bifurcation, moderate or heavy calcification, long lesions Biolimus-eluting stent Composite of cardiac death, MI, or TLR 12 months
Muramatsu et al. (13) MISTIC-1 Japan OCT vs. IVUS 109 (54 vs. 55) 72 vs. 71 75.9 vs. 80.0 NR 0 vs. 0 50 vs. 43.6 35.2 vs. 29.1 44.4 vs. 47.3 Thrombotic lesions, Moderate or severe calcification Biolimus A9-eluting metallic stents Composite of cardiac death, target-vessel MI, or TLR 36 months
Ali et al. (17) ILUMIEN III Multicenter (29 hospitals in 8 countries) OCT vs. IVUS vs. angiographya 450 (158 vs. 146 vs. 146) 66 (59–72) vs. 66 (61–72) 69 vs. 73 33 vs. 36 0 vs. 0 33 vs. 36 NR NR Thrombotic lesions, calcified lesions (moderate to severe) Everolimus-eluting, zotarolimus-eluting, sirolimus-eluting, or biolimus-eluting stents Composite of death, MI, stent thrombosis, or repeat revascularization. 12 months
Chamié et al. (15) iSIGHT Brazil OCT vs. IVUS vs. angiographya 151 (51 vs. 51 vs. 49) 59.9 ± 8.9 vs. 59.3 ± 10.4 60.8 vs. 72.0 Unstable angina/NSTEMI: 39.2 vs. 44.0Recent MI: 17.7 vs. 20.0 0 vs. 0 33.3 vs. 40 29.4 vs. 34 23.5 vs. 26 ≥1 target lesion in ≥1 native coronary with a reference diameter ranging from 2.25 to 4.0 mm. Significant (≥50%) stenosis in the left main stem, aorto-ostial lesions, chronic total occlusions, and bifurcation lesions were excluded. Resolute, Xience, Promus Element, Biomatrix Composite of cardiac death, MI and TLR 30 months
Lee et al. (14) RENOVATE-COMPLEX-PCI South Korea OCT or IVUS vs. angiography 1,639 (1,092 vs. 547) 65.3 ± 10.3 vs. 66.0 ± 10.0 79.6 vs. 78.8 51.3 vs. 49.7 12.6 vs. 9.9 36.1 vs. 40.8 6.9 vs. 7.7 24.1 vs. 24.5 Complex coronary-artery lesions Biodegradable or biocompatible polymer-coated everolimus-eluting stents Composite of cardiac death, target-vessel MI, or TVR. 36 months
Kang et al. (8) OCTIVUS South Korea OCT vs. IVUS 2,008 (1,005 vs. 1,003) 64.3 + 10.3 vs. 65.1 + 10.5 78.6 vs. 78.3 23.5 vs. 23.3 11.5 vs. 14.8 32.3 vs. 34.4 7.8 vs. 6.3 22.5 vs. 20.1 Complex coronary-artery lesions Contemporary drug-eluting stents Composite of cardiac death, target-vessel MI, or TLR 12 months

ACS, acute coronary syndrome; LM, left main disease; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events; OCT, optical coherence tomography; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound; NR, not reported; MI, myocardial infarction; TLR, target lesion revascularization; TVR, target vessel revascularization.

Data from the angiography arm was excluded.

Angiographic and procedural characteristics of included trials.

Study ID Trial name Study arms Stent diameter (mm) Stent length (mm) Max balloon diameter (mm) Lesion length (mm) Multi-vessel disease (%) LAD (n) LCX (n) RCA (n)
Kubo et al. (16) OPINION OCT vs. IVUS 2.92 vs. 2.99 25.9 vs. 24.8 3.1 vs. 3.3 17.73 vs. 17.56 NR 223 vs. 197 84 vs. 87 102 vs. 117
Muramatsu et al. (13) MISTIC-1 OCT vs. IVUS 3.00 vs. 3.00 18.0 vs. 18.0 3.25 vs. 3.50 11.7 vs. 11.1 37.1 vs. 43.6 31 vs. 25 13 vs. 17 18 vs. 22
Ali et al. (17) ILUMIEN III OCT vs. IVUS vs. angiographya 3.00 vs. 3.13 23 vs. 24 3.5 vs. 3.5 15.3 vs. 15.3 NR 52 vs. 50 27 vs. 27 22 vs. 22
Chamié et al. (15) iSIGHT OCT vs. IVUS vs. angiographya 3.26 vs. 3.31 28.57 vs. 32.51 3.5 vs. 3.5 23.61 vs. 21.10 NR 19 vs. 22 12 vs. 10 20 vs. 19
Lee et al. (14) RENOVATE-COMPLEX-PCI OCT or IVUS vs. angiography 3.1 vs. 3.0 38.0 vs. 36.9 3.5 vs. 3.5 28.4 vs. 26.8 68.7 vs. 66.3 701 vs. 376 313 vs. 151 445 vs. 215
Kang et al. (8) OCTIVUS OCT vs. IVUS 3.27 vs. 3.37 47.2 vs. 47.8 3.64 vs. 3.78 29.9 vs. 29.3 60.5 vs. 62.7 656 vs. 640 210 vs. 204 290 vs. 294

OCT, optical coherence tomography; IVUS, intravascular ultrasound.

Data from the angiography arm was excluded.

 Risk of bias assessment

Four studies were deemed to be at a low risk of bias (13–15, 17), one study had some concerns due to deviations from intended interventions (8), and one study had a high risk of bias due to issues in the domain of randomization (Figure 2) (16).

Quality assessment of included trials.

 Results of the meta-analysis Primary outcomes

There was no significant difference between the OCT- and IVUS-guided PCI groups in the risk of MACE (RR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.65, 1.16; I2 = 0%; Figure 3) and cardiac mortality (RR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.24, 2.21; I2 = 0%; Figure 4). The results were consistent across the subgroups of the presence or absence of left main disease (Pinteraction >0.1; Supplementary Figures S1, S2). A sensitivity analysis excluding the trial with a high risk of bias demonstrated similar findings. There was no indication of publication bias in either of the two primary outcomes (Egger's P-value >0.05; Supplementary Figures S3, S4).

Effect of OCT- vs. IVUS-guided PCI on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).

Effect of OCT- vs. IVUS-guided PCI on cardiac mortality.

 Secondary outcomes

There were no significant differences between OCT and IVUS in the risk of TLR (RR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.47, 1.30; I2 = 0%; Supplementary Figure S5), TVR (RR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.62; I2 = 0%; Supplementary Figure S6), target-vessel MI (RR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.40, 1.53; I2 = 0%; Supplementary Figure S7), stent thrombosis (RR 0.59, 95% CI: 0.12, 2.97; I2 = 0%; Supplementary Figure S8), and all-cause mortality (RR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.90; I2 = 0%; Supplementary Figure S9). The results did not change substantially upon exclusion of the trial with a high risk of bias.

 Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive meta-analysis on this topic to date. Our analysis comparing OCT with IVUS guidance demonstrated no difference between the two imaging modalities regarding the risk of MACE, cardiac mortality, TLR, TVR, target-vessel MI, stent thrombosis, and all-cause mortality. The results were consistent regardless of the presence or absence of left main disease in the pooled patient analysis.

These findings align with previous analyses comparing the same outcomes between the two modalities (3–5, 18), although there has been some indication that IVUS might be the better imaging modality (3). Nevertheless, the prior meta-analyses suffered from many limitations, including indirect comparisons, the incorporation of observational studies (which confer the risk of confounding bias), and the inclusion of only a few small RCTs, which provided low statistical power. Our analysis focused only on randomized trials that directly compared OCT and IVUS and had increased power due to the inclusion of recent large-scale RCTs, therefore providing more reliable results.

The finer resolution and image quality of both OCT and IVUS allow for a better understanding of luminal anatomy, plaque location, and precise vessel dimensions, which allow for improved stent sizing and positioning (19, 20). Their improved ability to discern stent malpositioning, under-expansion, and edge dissection elucidates the improved clinical outcomes compared to conventional angiographic guidance (3, 4). However, when compared to each other, our findings show no evidence of superior clinical benefit of either OCT or IVUS. These results further consolidate the guidelines of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Society of Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions, which state that OCT and IVUS are justifiable alternatives to each other, with the sole exception of ostial left main disease, in which case IVUS is preferred (21). Nevertheless, it is important to note that due to the low incidence of some outcomes, future large trials and subsequent meta-analyses will be needed to attain adequate statistical power to elucidate whether either of these two techniques is superior.

The majority of studies indicate that OCT guidance at the time of PCI leads to the use of larger stent diameters than would have been chosen based on angiography alone. However, when compared to IVUS, OCT has been shown to result in a smaller minimal stent area (MSA) (22, 23). Although the use of infrared light-based technology behind OCT allows the production of detailed cross-sectional imaging of the luminal wall with a 10-fold higher resolution compared to IVUS, its relative inability to traverse through the entire vessel wall limits the complete assessment of the full vessel dimension (24, 25). The ultrasound-guided approach in IVUS allows for deeper transmittance along with much better and consistent visualization of the external elastic lamina, elucidating the entire vessel wall thickness (5). Nevertheless, these differences between the two techniques did not translate to any differences in relevant clinical outcomes in our analysis.

The repeated need to clear the blood columns by saline or contrast to generate precise imaging in OCT-guided PCI adds to its procedural complexity, questioning its application in contrast-sensitive patients with compromised renal function and potentially limiting its widespread use (26). A recent report showed that the application of OCT and IVUS guidance is limited to only 0.6% and 8.7% of PCIs for MI in the US, respectively (26); factors restricting their extensive use include limited operator expertise, higher financial burden, and the lack of necessary technology in some hospitals (27, 28).

There are some limitations to our meta-analysis. Although all of our outcomes had low statistical heterogeneity, some residual heterogeneity likely exists due to differences in anatomical and procedural characteristics between the trials. Additionally, since we did not have access to individual patient data, we could not extensively investigate potential effect modifiers in our study-level analysis. Furthermore, despite our meta-analysis being the largest one to date, it may still be underpowered for some outcomes. Lastly, the impact of OCT vs. IVUS on long-term outcomes is uncertain due to a lack of longer follow-ups; further large-scale RCTs with more extensive follow-ups are required to confirm our findings and provide conclusive proof.

 Conclusions

Our meta-analysis comparing OCT-guided PCI with IVUS-guided PCI demonstrated no significant difference between the two modalities regarding the incidence of MACE, cardiac death, TLR, TVR, target-vessel MI, stent thrombosis, and all-cause mortality. The choice of the imaging modality will depend on the availability of necessary technology and resources, and operator expertise. New large-scale multicenter RCTs with long-term follow-up are required to confirm or refute our findings and provide more reliable results.

 Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

 Author contributions

VV: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. AE: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. SH: Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. REA: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft. FM: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. JP: Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. MA: Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft. HC: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. AA: Data curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. WR: Data curation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. AN: Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing. RA: Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. VL: Investigation, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. HV: Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. RV: Supervision, Writing – review & editing.

 Funding

The authors declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

 Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

The authors declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision.

 Publisher's note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

 Supplementary material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2024.1395606/full#supplementary-material

 References SattarYAbdul RazzackAKompellaRAlhajriNArshadJUllahW Outcomes of intravascular ultrasound versus optical coherence tomography guided percutaneous coronary angiography: a meta regression-based analysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv Off J Soc Card Angiogr Interv. (2022) 99:E1–E11. 10.1002/ccd.29976 LeeCHHurSH. Optimization of percutaneous coronary intervention using optical coherence tomography. Korean Circ J. (2019) 49:771–93. 10.4070/kcj.2019.019831456372 ParkDYAnSJollyNAttanasioSYadavNGutierrezJA Comparison of intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and conventional angiography-guided percutaneous coronary interventions: a systematic review, network meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. (2023) 102:440–50. 10.1002/ccd.3078437483068 ŞaylıkFHayırogluMİAkbulutTÇınarT. Comparison of long-term outcomes between intravascular ultrasound-, optical coherence tomography- and angiography-guided stent implantation: a meta-analysis. Angiology. (2023):00033197231198674. 10.1177/00033197231198674 SiddiqiTJKhanMSKarimi GalougahiKShlofmitzEMosesJWRaoS Optical coherence tomography versus angiography and intravascular ultrasound to guide coronary stent implantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. (2022) 100:S44–56. 10.1002/ccd.3041636251325 GaoX-FKongX-QZuoG-FWangZ-MGeZZhangJ-J. Intravascular ultrasound-guided versus angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention: evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials. US Cardiol Rev. (2020) 14:e03. 10.15420/usc.2020.03 RamasamyAChenYZanchinTJonesDARathodKJinC Optical coherence tomography enables more accurate detection of functionally significant intermediate non-left main coronary artery stenoses than intravascular ultrasound: a meta-analysis of 6919 patients and 7537 lesions. Int J Cardiol. (2020) 301:226–34. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.09.06731677827 KangD-YAhnJ-MYunS-CHurS-HChoY-KLeeCH Optical coherence tomography–guided or intravascular ultrasound–guided percutaneous coronary intervention: the OCTIVUS randomized clinical trial. Circulation. (2023) 148:1195–206. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.06642937634092 PageMJMcKenzieJEBossuytPMBoutronIHoffmannTCMulrowCD The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Br Med J. (2021) 372:n71–n71. 10.1136/bmj.n71 HigginsJPTThomasJChandlerJCumpstonMLiTPageMJ Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2nd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell (2019). 10.1002/9781119536604 SterneJACSavovićJPageMJElbersRGBlencoweNSBoutronI Rob 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Br Med J. (2019) 366:l4898–l4898. 10.1136/bmj.l4898 RichardsonMGarnerPDoneganS. Interpretation of subgroup analyses in systematic reviews: a tutorial. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. (2019) 7:192–8. 10.1016/j.cegh.2018.05.005 MuramatsuTOzakiYNanasatoMIshikawaMNagasakaROhotaM Comparison between optical frequency domain imaging and intravascular ultrasound for percutaneous coronary intervention guidance in biolimus A9-eluting stent implantation: a randomized MISTIC-1 non-inferiority trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. (2020) 13:e009314. 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.00931433106049 LeeJMChoiKHSongYBLeeJ-YLeeS-JLeeSY Intravascular imaging-guided or angiography-guided complex PCI. N Engl J Med. (2023) 388:1668–79. 10.1056/NEJMoa221660736876735 ChamiéDCostaJRDamianiLPSiqueiraDBragaSCostaR Optical coherence tomography versus intravascular ultrasound and angiography to guide percutaneous coronary interventions. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. (2021) 14:e009452. 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009452 KuboTShinkeTOkamuraTHibiKNakazawaGMorinoY Optical frequency domain imaging vs. intravascular ultrasound in percutaneous coronary intervention (OPINION trial): one-year angiographic and clinical results. Eur Heart J. (2017) 38:3139–47. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx35129121226 AliZKarimi GalougahiKMaeharaAShlofmitzRFabbiocchiFGuagliumiG Outcomes of optical coherence tomography compared with intravascular ultrasound and with angiography to guide coronary stent implantation: one-year results from the ILUMIEN III: oPTIMIZE PCI trial. EuroIntervention. (2021) 16:1085–91. 10.4244/EIJ-D-20-0049832540793 SalehYAl-abchaAAbdelkarimOAbdelfattahOMAbelaGSHashimH Meta-analysis investigating the role of optical coherence tomography versus intravascular ultrasound in low-risk percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. (2022) 164:136–8. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.10.01634815059 MintzGSMatsumuraMAliZMaeharaA. Clinical utility of intravascular imaging: past, present, and future. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. (2022) 15:1799–820. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.04.02636202460 TruesdellAGAlasnagMAKaulPRabSTRileyRFYoungMN Intravascular imaging during percutaneous coronary intervention: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. (2023) 81:590–605. 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.04536754518 LawtonJSTamis-HollandJEBangaloreSBatesERBeckieTMBischoffJM 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. (2022) 145:e4–17. 10.1161/CIR.000000000000103934882436 MaeharaABen-YehudaOAliZWijnsWBezerraHGShiteJ Comparison of stent expansion guided by optical coherence tomography versus intravascular ultrasound. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. (2015) 8:1704–14. 10.1016/j.jcin.2015.07.02426585621 HabaraMNasuKTerashimaMKanedaHYokotaDKoE Impact of frequency-domain optical coherence tomography guidance for optimal coronary stent implantation in comparison with intravascular ultrasound guidance. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. (2012) 5:193–201. 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.96511122456026 KuboTAkasakaTShiteJSuzukiTUemuraSYuB OCT Compared with IVUS in a coronary lesion assessment. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. (2013) 6:1095–104. 10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.04.01424011777 BezerraHGAttizzaniGFSirbuVMusumeciGLortkipanidzeNFujinoY Optical coherence tomography versus intravascular ultrasound to evaluate coronary artery disease and percutaneous coronary intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. (2013) 6:228–36. 10.1016/j.jcin.2012.09.01723517833 ParkDYVemmouEAnSNikolakopoulosIReganCJCambiBC Trends and impact of intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography on percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction. IJC Heart Vasc. (2023) 45:101186. 10.1016/j.ijcha.2023.101186 VallabhajosyulaSEl HajjSCBellMRPrasadALermanARihalCS Intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and fractional flow reserve use in acute myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. (2020) 96:E59–66. 10.1002/ccd.2854331724274 VemmouENikolakopoulosIXenogiannisIKaracsonyiJRanganBVGarciaS Learning and innovation among interventional cardiologists: insights from an international survey. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. (2022) 99:11–6. 10.1002/ccd.2954833565681