Edited and reviewed by: Michel R. Labrosse, University of Ottawa, Canada
This article was submitted to Structural Interventional Cardiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
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When the first ever percutaneous mitral valve replacement was performed on a patient in 2012 it raised great enthusiasm as well as the expectations to follow swiftly the road already laid down by transcatheter aortic valve implantation, expanding rapidly to a wide patient population, and growing year after year to become soon a routine procedure. Several different devices have been developed over the past decade to fulfill these promises.
In reality, compared to the aortic valve, the mitral is indeed a much more complicated apparatus with specific clinical, anatomical, and technical challenges which soon became very clear, such as the big dimensions of the mitral valve, the difficult anchoring, the anatomical interference the surrounding structures and the functional interdependence with the left ventricle. Such challenges proved difficult to overcome and indeed, after 10 years, only a minority of highly selected patients have been treated with transcatheter mitral replacement worldwide.
The purpose of the present anthology is to present the devices currently available for transcatheter mitral replacement along with their positive outcomes as well as their potential complication and discuss the challenges the field is facing to progress further in the next future.
The transapical Tendyne valve is currently the only CE approved device for mitral replacement and indeed the one with the biggest experience in the clinical setting. Importantly this therapy can be applied not only to pure mitral regurgitation but also to selected cases of mixed regurgitation/stenosis as well as patients with severe mitral annular calcification, who represent one of the most challenging setting for both surgery and transcatheter devices. A focus on the Tendyne valve is provided by
The blood flow around the mitral valve, slower than in the aorta, and the bulky design and fabrics of the transcatheter replacement devices make thrombosis a typical complication of such procedures during follow-up.
Surgical mitral repair, when appropriate, is always to be preferred to surgical replacement. While the role of transcatheter mitral replacement in comparison to transcatheter mitral repair remains to be determined, the current excellent results of transcatheter mitral repair, especially in terms of safety, further raise the quality bar that replacement needs to meet to be considered a valid alternative. Indeed percutaneous mitral repair, rather than surgery, is currently the first competitor of transcatheter mitral replacement.
Transcatheter mitral replacement is a precious option for patients who are not eligible for transcatheter mitral repair nor conventional surgery. Unfortunately its adoption is currently still bound to specific anatomies and technological limitations. Such challenges will require time to be fully overcome and indeed we are just still facing the early phase of the field but significant new mitral knowledge has already been acquired over the past decade thanks to transcatheter mitral replacement that will be the ground for future further improvements and developments. The road ahead is still long and it is not straightforward but the goal remains to allow more patients to be able to benefit from a safe and effective percutaneous mitral treatment, and it is well worth it.
All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication.
JV was employed by AZ Sint-Jan Brugge – Oostende AV, Brugge, Belgium. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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