The treatment of wounds and the therapeutic challenges they provide have become major concerns in healthcare with a significant financial impact on worldwide (Grainger, 2015; Rani and Ritter, 2016). The skin, one of the most fundamental organs in the body that shields us from the harsh external environment, is frequently injured by traumas, severe burns, ulcers, and other wounds that compromise its ability to act as a protective barrier and play an important role in sensory perception. Moreover, these injuries have a significant financial impact on society and have an adverse effect on the emotional wellbeing of the patient (Dabrowska et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019). As a consequence, it is imperative to find efficient therapeutic approaches to encourage wound healing.

Wound healing is a dynamic and complex process of tissue regeneration and growth that includes four stages (Maksimova et al., 2014). The first one is the coagulation and hemostasis that begins from the micro vascular bed injury and includes fibrin clot formation, degranulation and aggregation (Solomennikov et al., 2019). As a consequence, this leads to involvement of fibroblasts, macrophages and endothelial cells in wound repair (Solomennikov et al., 2019). The second, inflammatory stage, is accompanied by infiltration of the woundand its surrounding tissue with inflammatory cells—granulocytes (specifically, fragmented nuclei neutrophils) during the 24–48 h after injury and monocytes 48–72 h after injury. Next, lymphocytes migrate to the wound area recruited by IgG and interleukin 1 IL-1). The third stage, proliferation, continues from 3 days to 2 weeks after injury, followed by fibrin scaffold replacement by a newly formed granulation tissue as a result of extracellular matrix components (collagens types I and III, laminin 1, nidogen) and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by fibroblasts as well as auto- and paracrine actions of fibroblasts. The final stage is a remodeling phase, involving the maturation and reconstruction of nascent tissues, is the final stage of wound healing (Su et al., 2021; Naskar and Kim, 2020). The maturation process mainly includes the degradation of excess collagen fibers by collagenase, rearrangement of collagen and regression of overgrown capillaries, which may last for months to years. Ultimately, the granulation tissue formed in wound healing evolves into normal connective tissue (Naskar and Kim, 2020; Okonkwo and DiPietro, 2017). Numerous endogenous and exogenous adverse factors can disrupt the physiological healing processes, among which the inflammatory phase is the most susceptible to interference. Wound tissue produces various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine’s at the initial step in the inflammatory phase, which results in the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages at injured sites. Neutrophils are required to remove debris and digest invading bacteria through phagocytosis, releasing caustic proteolytic enzymes and producing free radicals in the process of their cleansing activities. Additional cells present in wound sites include macrophages, which mediate angiogenesis, fibroplasia and extracellular matrix (ECM) production, thereby bridging the inflammatory and proliferative phases importantly; moderate inflammation facilitates the removal of necrotic tissue, kills local bacteria and promotes wound healing (Kasuya and Tokura, 2014).

The use of traditional medicine or natural compounds has been of great interest in the pharmaceutical field for many years including the development of wound healing agents (Chin et al., 2018; Lai et al., 2016). For example, herbal extracts have been investigated for their healing properties and developed as advanced wound dressings (Monirul Islam et al., 2022). Lignosus rhinocerotis is a medicinal mushroom and traditionally used for wound treatment (Lai et al., 2014), by indigenous communities. Its sclerotium holds various medicinal values including anti-microbial and antiviral activities (Eik et al., 2012), making it a good candidate as a natural wound healing agent. Traditionally, people cut the sclerotium of the mushroom into pieces and boil in water prior to its application for medicinal purposes (Chang and Lee, 2004). Consequently, hot water extraction is used to mimic the conventional L. rhinocerotis preparation used for wound healing. Many studies have been carried out to improve the hemostatic effect and quicken the rate at which wounds heal. However, in order to meet additional requirements like infection prevention and easy administration to the affected areas, a new type of wound dressing is still required to improve results (Agarwal et al., 2022).

Hydrogels are generally a series of relatively hydrophilic polymers with the ability to form a three-dimensional cross linked network and preserve a large amount of water. Due to their high water content, hydrogels show similar properties with human body tissue and higher biocompatibility, which makes them suitable for biomedical applications (Zhang et al., 2020). Hydrogels have unique advantages in wound dressings due to their excellent biological, physicochemical, and mechanical properties (Alven and Aderibigbe, 2020), including excellent biocompatibility (Graca et al., 2020), a biological barrier effect blocking harmful factors, such as bacteria, from entering the wound (Norahan et al., 2023), and the ability to deliver cargos that promote wound healing in response to environmental changes (Dimatteo et al., 2018). It is a great concern that antibiotic overuse has led to the development of drug-resistant bacterial strains. Therefore, a variety of antimicrobial hydrogels have recently been synthesized to effectively avoid development of drug resistant bacteria (Farazin et al., 2023). Thus, hydrogels have widespread applications in the field of wound healing, and various functional hydrogels have been developed with adhesive, antioxidant, antibacterial, hemostatic, and tissue regenerative properties (Liang et al., 2021). The great potential of super molecular hydrogels has attracted tremendous interest from researchers and they have been used for numerous biomedical applications in the past decade.

Thermo gels, or thermo-responsive hydrogels, are a subclass of the super molecular hydrogels that gelate via hydrophobic interactions. Thermo gels can undergo a sol–gel phase transition because they are constituted of amphiphilic polymers with both hydrophilic parts and hydrophobic parts (Kim and Matsunaga, 2017). Thermo gels typically refer to thermo-sensitive hydrogels which can form a gel at a higher temperature and return back to a liquid at a lower temperature within a certain temperature range, which is contrary to the conventional melt transition behavior (Dou et al., 2014). This gelation procedure does not need any other assistance or other triggers such as enzymes; thus, it is considered as a benign phase conversion procedure. The lack of toxic crosslinking agents renders it more likely that thermo gels would show intrinsic biocompatibility as an injectable in situ hydrogel (Liow et al., 2016). Considering thermo gel polymers used in biomedical application, two main categories can be identified on the basis of biodegradability: Firstly, non-biodegradable thermo gels, which include (1) polyacrylates and (2) Pluronic. Secondly, biodegradable thermo gels, which include (1) polyesters, (2) polypeptides, and (3) polysaccharides (Lanzalaco and Armelin, 2017). To undergo phase transition from room temperature to body temperature, thermo gels that can undergo gelation within the range of 25°C–37 °C are especially valuable in the biomedical field. Due to phase transition at physiological temperatures, thermo gels have been used in diverse biomedical applications (Patel et al., 2018).

The aim of the present work is to comprehensively review the various types of 3D- (bio) printed hydrogel constructs (e.g., bioactive/antibacterial hydrogels, composite hydrogels, cell-laden hydrogels) that have been used in wound healing applications. The constructs are methodically presented in a tabulated form giving detailed information concerning the selected materials (e.g., sodium alginate, gelatin, peptides, etc.), the crosslinking (e.g., ionic, chemical) and (bio) printing methods (e.g., extrusion, digital light processing, etc.), the type of encapsulated bioactive (e.g., growth factors, antibacterial agents).

This review highlights the parameters for wound healing enhancement Anti-inflammatory hydrogel wound dressings and details the scientific findings of macrofungi traditionally utilized for wound rehabilitation. It subsequently focuses on Lignosus rhinoceros and reporting on its phytochemicals and pharmacological properties which may be beneficial for wound rehabilitation. The prospects on the potential of L. rhinocerus as a wound healing agent are also deliberated as the conclusion to this review.

A hydrogel’s network structure of cross-linked polymer chains is its solid state (Ullah et al., 2015). The hydrogel’s molecular weight is infinite due to its 3- D dimensional network structure. The most important molecular properties that determine the hydrogel structure are the mesh size and the molecular weight of the polymer chain between the crosslinks (Ganji et al., 2010). Crosslinking of hydrogels can be obtained by chemical (covalent) and physical (hydrogen bonding/entanglement) crosslinks. The swelling of a hydrogel is mainly defined by the diffusion of water into the hydrogel (Holback and Yeo, 2011). There are three stages to the hydrogel swelling: 1. Primary bound water: the point at which water molecules connect to the hydrophilic group; 2. Secondary exceed water: the water molecules’ interaction with the hydrophobic groups already in place; and 3. Free water: When the body swells to equilibrium, water fills the empty spaces (Gibas and Janik, 2010). The rate of swelling depends on the concentration of polymer and the crosslinking density (Okay, 2010). The high degree of crosslinking density causes a decrease in swelling ratio and it increases the brittleness of hydrogel.

Hydrogels have been the material of choice for biomedical applications because of their advantageous physical properties, flexible production methods, mutable structures, and desired biocompatibility. Hydrogels are materials that are permeable and can absorb water up to hundreds of times their dry weight due to their three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked networks. Hydrogels swell in fluids due to thermodynamic force, yet they do not break down (Campbell et al., 2018). The molecular chains that comprise hydrogels are bound together by cross linkers, which can be chemical or physical. There are various categories for hydrogels. For example, the different binding methods of hydrogels allow them to be classified into physical and chemical categories. Physical hydrogels are produced by a combination of physical and ionic interactions. (Dodero et al., 2019), hydrogen bonds (Zhang et al., 2016), entanglement of chains (Yang et al., 2016). In general, physical hydrogels are characterized as reversible when being heated or treated with other stimulations (Stern and Cui, 2019).

In contrast, chemical hydrogels are usually stable due to covalently cross linked networks (Sun et al., 2012). Hydrogels can be classified as natural or synthetic based on where the components came from. Based on their chemical composition, synthetic hydrogels can be broadly divided into five groups: poly (acrylamide), poly (hydroxyl alkyl methacrylates), poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly (acrylic acid), and poly (vinyl alcohol). Natural hydrogels based on peptides and polysaccharides have been investigated most extensively (Xing et al., 2019). Polysaccharides have abundant and easily obtained from renewable sources, such as (plants and marine organisms) (Kumar et al., 2019). For large-scale production, polysaccharide synthesis is a viable, inexpensive, and simple approach (Gupta et al., 2019). Additionally, polysaccharides’ unique chemical and physical characteristics such as their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and lack of immunological responses—are precisely support their extensive use in biological materials (Yang et al., 2017).

Polysaccharide-based hydrogels have special qualities such a high water retention capacity in addition to the specific qualities of polysaccharides themselves. Polysaccharide-based hydrogels have a flexible structure and network configuration that make them useful for biosensors, wound healing, and diffusion control.

Typical wound treatments comprise surgical (e.g., debridement, skin grafts/flaps), and non-surgical (e.g., topical formulations, skin replacement, wound dressings incorporating or not growth factors, bioactive agents, nanoparticles) methods. Modern approaches include growth factors/cytokine therapy, stem cells (SCs) therapy, vacuum-aided wound closure, and three-dimensional (bio) printed wound dressings. Another approach involves the bioengineering of skin substitutes based on combinations of biomaterials, growth factors and cells (Saifullah and Sharma, 2023).

In wound dressing applications, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory hydrogels have a good impact. A multifunctional and pH-responsive composite hydrogel made of carboxylates agarose and tannic acid, which is ironically cross-linked with zinc salts for wound healing (Ninan et al., 2016). The pH-responsive property of carboxylate cellulose combined with anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant property of tannic acid showed increased compressive strength and anti-bacterial activity. Dextran is another polysaccharide used for synthesizing hydrogel. It helps in situ gelation and controlled release of immobilized growth factor with the help of chitosan micro particles and showed better wound healing in vivo (Ribeiro et al., 2013). Chitosan is an excellent wound healing material because of its homeostatic nature (Ahmed and Ikram, 2016). A physically cross-linked chitosan hydrogel has the ability to reconstruct the skin of third-degree burn, where they tested in pig dorsal area (Boucard et al., 2007). An injectable hydrogel constructed via disulphide bond cross-linking of thiolated polyethylene glycol and silver nitrate. This hydrogel is loaded with desferrioxamine, an angiogenic drug and this could repair the diabetic wound with its angiogenic activity.

Wound dressings are typically compresses or sterile pads that are applied directly onto the surface of wounds in order to protect them from further injury and promote their healing process.

Required characteristics of wound dressings (Farahani et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2018).

• Absorption of wound exudate;

Biocompatibility is a vital requirement for a hydrogel to maintain tissue homeostasis by presenting a suitable matrix without damaging the local tissue during chronic wound healing. Biodegradability and the biodegradation rate of the hydrogels are other important aspects because they provide temporary template during the proliferation of fibroblasts, re-epithelialization and neovascularization, and remodeling of chronic wounds. Bio-adhesively also plays an important role for the long-term stability of the hydrogel dressings around the wound area, improving the homeostatic effect, keeping the wound moist, and absorbing the tissue exudates during healing. Since the prolonged healing of chronic wounds can increase the risk of infection which adversely affect the healing process, antimicrobial hydrogels can be useful to prevent infections. As indicated in Section (Schultz et al., 2011), the inflammatory phase is the main reason for the delayed healing of chronic wounds. Anti-inflammatory hydrogels can shorten the wound healing period by facilitating the transition from the inflammatory to the proliferation stage. Limited oxygen and nutrient delivery to the wound area is another reason for the delayed chronic wound healing. Pro-angiogenic hydrogels can stimulate angiogenesis to deliver the required nutrients and oxygen to the wound bed to accelerate chronic wound healing. The functionality of hydrogels can be further improved by incorporating various types of drugs or therapeutic agents into the hydrogels. Drug or therapeutic agent releasing hydrogels can provide controlled and sustained delivery in response to the environmental stimuli. Some commercial hydrogel dressings in wound healing are summarized applications of these dressings differ depending on their material components.

Modern dressings are considered the top choice for curing various wound types due to their exceptional biocompatibility/biodegradability, ability to maintain a moist environment and temperature, pain relief, and improvement of a hypoxic environment. Those most commonly used in clinical practice are films, foams, hydrocolloids, alginates and hydrogels (Nguyen et al., 2023). Figure 1 and Table 3 shows examples of commercially available modern dressings.

Hydrogel synthesis by 3D printing is the most advanced technique that involves sophisticated instruments and multistep processes. 3D printing is an expensive technique with controlled quality and pore structure. Limitations of this method are filament resolution (Wang et al., 2022). The 3D-printed porous constructs promote oxygen exchange and ease the removal of metabolites, improving this way of cell proliferation (Tsegay et al., 2022). The introduction of 3D printing to wound dressings has revealed promising results as a consequence of the method’s capability for controlled design and fabrication of dressings exhibiting tuned microstructure (Tsegay et al., 2022). Furthermore, it allows the temporally and spatially controlled release of various bioactive agents (e.g., drugs, growth factors, antimicrobial agents, nanoparticles) (Alizadehgiashi et al., 2021).

Medicinal mushrooms have been valued and used since ancient times by the Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Egyptians, and European communities. They are valued not only for the culinary purposes but also for their nutritional and medicinal values (Tan et al., 2009). The greatest attribute of mushrooms, besides their taste, is their peculiar healing properties. Recently, ethnomycological knowledge of medicinal mushrooms for their curative properties is being tapped. Lignosus rhinocerotis, however, was only collected from the wild. In the wild, the tiger milk mushroom grows solitary and makes the collection process time and energy consuming. Since the 2000s, large-scale cultivation of L. rhinocerotis in a controlled environment was made successful in Malaysia, overcoming the cost and supply problem (Lau et al., 2015a). Commercialization of this mushroom was then made possible and this opened the opportunity to investigate the potential pharmacological and nutraceutical properties of this mushroom.

This mushroom consists of the pileus (cap), stipe (stem), and sclerotium (tuber). Its morphology is unusual for a polypore as the fruiting body (cap and stem) raises from the tuber under the ground, rather than from woody substrate. The cap and stem are woody while the sclerotium is a compacted mass of fungal mycelium containing food reserves. The sclerotium is white and gives a milk-like solution; and it even tastes like milk (Tan et al., 2009). As the irregular shaped sclerotium remains underground, the collection of the mushroom is challenging. Thus, due to lack of samples, limited study is done on this national treasure.

This mushroom is known as “cendawan susu rimau” which literally means “tiger milk mushroom (Lau et al., 2015b). Early documentation of this mushroom were given by Corner (1989). In the early 20th century, the taxonomy of L. rhinocerotis depended primarily on morphological observations. However, in recent years, specimens of “susu rimau” collected in these regions were confirmed as L. rhinocerotis on the basis of both micro- and macro morphological characteristics, as well as molecular approaches. To date, L. rhinocerotis is noted to be the “most commonly occurring member of Lignosus in Malaysia” (Tan et al., 2015; Lai et al., 2011). Figure 2 shows the taxonomic classification of L. rhinocerotis.

According to folklore, it is believed that the mushroom emerges on the spot where the milk of a tigress had accidently dribbled during lactation. The sclerotium of the mushroom resembles the “congealed white mass of milk” (Chang, 2015). Different tribal communities in Malaysia have different referral names, such as “betes kismas” by the Semai (Chang, 2010), “tish am ong” by the Kensiu (Mohammad et al., 2012). Lignosus rhinocerotis found in China were called “how gui kou or hurulingzhi” (in Chinese), which means “tiger milk Ganoderma” (Yokota, 2011). In Japan, it is known as “hijiritake” (Lee et al., 2009).

Besides the traditional beliefs that L. rhinocerotis was derived from the tiger’s milk, there are many other folklore beliefs about this mushroom. The Semai (indigenous people of Malaysia) believes that L. rhinocerotis could reinstate the spirit of a crop and guarantee a lavish harvest. The sclerotia are habitually used during paddy farming and prayer ritual for a bountiful crop yields (Haji Taha, 2006). Alternatively, some crops, for instance, paddy is positioned in a flower-filled container, and suspended over the mushroom (Nallathamby et al., 2018).

The L. rhinocerotis are occasionally sold in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). They are used by the TCM practitioner to revitalize the body of the patients. According to Sabaratnam et al. (2013), infusions of L. rhinocerotis are said to improve the overall wellness of the individual by enhancing the vitality, energy, and alertness. There are many ways this mushroom is prepared and consumed to treat illness. The mushrooms are grounded or sliced, then boiled with water for drinking or soaked into Chinese wine for external applications (Chang and Lee, 2004). The sclerotium is also eaten raw and with betel leaves to relieve a cough and sore throat. The preparation methods of decoction and/or topical medicine vary among tribes.

The anti-inflammatory activity of the sclerotium of L. rhinocerotis was previously reported with its hot aqueous, cold aqueous, and methanol extracts (Lee et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2013). Lee et al. (2014), reported that the three extracts of L. rhinocerotis exhibited anti-inflammatory properties as shown by the carrageenan-induced paw edema test using Sprague-Dawley rats. The cold aqueous extract, the most potent extract, was subjected to separation by Sephadex G50 gel filtration chromatography. The resulting high-molecular-weight protein fraction was further assessed for anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The protein fraction was shown to inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production. The anti-inflammatory effect of L. rhinocerotis hot aqueous and ethanol extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was further tested (Baskaran, 2015). The ethanol extract showed significant decrease (48.3%–88.5%) of nitric oxide (NO) production from 0.01 to 100 μg/mL dose-dependently but the aqueous extract did not show a significant reduction. The ethanol extract was able to activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways by reducing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions while increasing the interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression. Nallathamby et al. (2016) analyzed the ethyl acetate fraction from the ethanol extract of L. rhinocerotis. The fraction significantly reduced the NO production in microglial (BV2) cells by 12%–70% at 10 and 100 μg/mL; respectively. The major compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction were revealed as linoleic acid, oleic acid, and ethyl linoleate. The identified compounds were further tested individually for their anti-inflammatory activities. Treatment with linoleic acid significantly suppressed iNOS and COX2 expression by 1.2-fold as compared to the control. In another study, LPS-induced BV2 cells pretreated with hot aqueous extract (500 μg/mL), n-butanol fraction of hot aqueous extract (250 μg/mL), and ethyl acetate fraction of hot aqueous extract (250 μg/mL), showed maximum inhibition of NO production by 88.95, 86.50, and 85.93%, respectively (Seow et al., 2017). These studies represent the first evidence of anti-inflammatory properties of L. rhinocerotis using brain microglial BV2 cells.

Fungi are members of a large, diverse group of heterotrophic organisms which are frequently found living on dead, decaying wood, and other organic matter. They are eukaryotic, with a scope of internal membrane systems, and membrane-bound organelles, and possess a distinct cell wall that is made largely from polysaccharides and chitin (Richardson and Warnock, 2012). The consumption of medicinal mushrooms has long been practiced and there is growing interest in the discovery of bioactive compounds with medicinal values from industries and the scientific communities alike (Pereira et al., 2005). This section provides an overview of the capacities of fungi for wound healing enhancement, both in modern science and traditional knowledge. Figure 3 shows the effect of macro fungi L. rhinocerotis for wound healing.

In addition to scientific research on the wound healing activity of fungi, there are a few mushrooms that are traditionally utilized for wound treatment. These macro fungi were reported in the literature for traditional wound treatment practices. Table 5 summarizes the macro-fungi utilized for traditional wound treatment.

In the last 20 years, a wide variety of biomaterials have been synthesized and used for skin wound healing. However, this is the first time that a native ECM molecule (collagen type I), a biocompatible natural polymer (chitosan), and an inflammation-controlling molecule (dexamethasone) have been combined into a hydrogel that proved to be capable of sustaining mesenchymal stem cells culture, showing that cells remained viable and expressed the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 upon culture in the hydrogel. Therefore, the next step in our research would be to evaluate the in vivo response of hADMSC seeded into the COL1/CHS/Dex hydrogels using a burn animal model.

Due to the declining numbers of wild type L. rhinocerus, some institutes or companies were making the initiative on developing techniques for the cultivation of L. rhinocerus, such as LiGNOTM Biotech Sdn. Bhd. (cultivar TM02VR), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and Sanming Mycological Institute (Thuraisingam et al., 2010; Heo et al., 2011) to avoid this valuable mushroom from being extinct. Various in-depth scientific studies were then called for to elucidate the bioactivities of these cultivars.

L. rhinocerus was reported to immunomodulation by increasing cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, and MIP-2) expression in RAW 264.7 cells conceivably through the NF-jB/MAPK signaling pathways (Sum et al., 2020). Both signaling pathways have been implicated in corneal epithelial wound healing, scratch injury, and cutaneous wound healing (Thuraisingam et al., 2010; Heo et al., 2011). MIP-2 dominates the early part of the inflammation phase by regulating the migration of granulocytes including neutrophils and stem cells (Reinke and Sorg, 2012). Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory IL-5 and IL-6 cytokines are released to promote inflammation by inducing immune cells to the wound site and concurrently activating growth factors that contribute to angiogenesis and collagen synthesis (Hayta et al., 2018). Increased release of IL-5, IL-6, and MIP-2 caused by L. rhinocerus will accelerate the inflammatory phase by early infiltration and elimination of neutrophils and macrophages.

Wound inflammation is complexly regulated. The process of healing can be disrupted by both excessive inflammation infiltration later on and insufficient inflammation levels in the early stages, with the latter occurring more frequently in wound healing. As a result, in recent years, a variety of sophisticated anti-inflammatory biomaterials have been used in wound healing, particularly in the treatment of chronic wounds. One of the most popular of them is the anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressing, which mimics skin functions chemically, physically, and electrically. This review summarizes the scope of emerging anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressings and traditional Lignosus rhinoceros used for wound healing agents focusing on wound healing. However, the development of anti-inflammatory hydrogel/Lignosus rhinoceros dressings for enhanced wound healing is still in the early stages. Whether previous treatments can be turned into practical applications, these techniques also face specific barriers regarding their biocompatibility and technological outcomes. Unfortunately, the complexity of chronic wound healing in humans cannot be fully replicated in animal models for which therapies have been explored, and human physiology varies significantly from that of mouse Moreover, hydrogel safety needs to be thoroughly evaluated because it can lead to unwanted immunological responses such infections, allergies, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, extensive study is needed for the development of hydrogel dressings with potential anti-inflammatory properties for effective use in clinical applications.

Future developments in anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressings and the medicinal mushroom Lignosus rhinoceros could eventually make it possible to precisely regulate the processes involved in wound healing. Wearable sensors and imaging devices may be used to monitor the level of wound inflammation in real-time and other technologies that include automated stimulus responsiveness may be utilized to adjust therapeutic approaches. Such advances in the development of precise treatment of wounds improve patient curing rates, alleviate pain and reduce costs. Meanwhile, anti-inflammatory hydrogels may also be loaded with other functional components, such as hemostatic, conductive and adhesive materials, making anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressings more powerful and predictable for clinical applications but medicinal mushrooms are low cost as compare to hydrogels, which is a vitally important subject in translational research, particularly in the use of advanced anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressings. Translational research may generate clinically meaningful outcomes in wound healing that improve human health and allow fundamental scientific findings to be translated more efficiently into practical applications. This review has the potential to enhance not just the meaning of wound healing but also the reach of theoretical studies. When developing and innovating new functional hydrogel wound dressings and traditional mushrooms micro-fungi used for wound healing agents, this review can offer new ideas and mechanisms for researchers in the future, advancing the field of wound dressing therapy and expanding the market for functional hydrogel dressings.