AUTHOR=Song Ying , Sun Yansun , Guo Zedan , Yi Li 
  
TITLE=Constructing a risk screen for attention difficulty in U.S. adults using six machine learning methods
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
  
VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1704576
  
DOI=10.3389/frai.2025.1704576
  
ISSN=2624-8212
  
ABSTRACT=BackgroundConcentration difficulty is recognized as a hallmark of various neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, an accurate estimation of epidemiological risk factors for concentration difficulty remains severely limited.AimsThe study aimed to develop an interpretable machine-learning (ML) model to predict risk factors of concentration difficulty among adults in the United States.MethodsA total of 9,971 participants were included from the 2015–2016 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Six ML algorithms, including Logistic Regression, ExtraTrees classifier, Bagging, Gradient Boosting, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Random Forest (RF), were applied in this study. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, precision, specificity, decision curve analysis (DCA), and calibration plots. Finally, a nomogram was constructed based on the best performing model.ResultsOf these, 2,146 participants aged 20 years and older were analyzed. Logistic regression exhibited the best clinical predictive value in both internal and external validation sets, with AUCs of 0.881 and 0.818, respectively. The DCA curve revealed that logistic regression exhibited the greatest net benefits in the internal cohort, whereas the RF model provided the largest net benefits in the external cohort (threshold: 0.2–0.3).ConclusionLogistic regression exhibited the highest clinical value in predicting concentration difficulty. These findings provide valuable insights for the recognition, management, and effective interference strategies for concentration difficulty.