AUTHOR=Hoque Md. Nesarul , Deb Nath Rudra Pratap , Chy Abu Nowshed , Ghose Debasish , Seddiqui Md Hanif 
  
TITLE=Advancing cyberbullying detection in low-resource languages: a transformer- stacking framework for Bengali
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
  
VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1679962
  
DOI=10.3389/frai.2025.1679962
  
ISSN=2624-8212
  
ABSTRACT=Cyberbullying on social networks has emerged as a pressing global issue, yet research in low-resource languages such as Bengali remains underdeveloped due to the scarcity of high-quality datasets, linguistic resources, and targeted methodologies. Many existing approaches overlook essential language-specific preprocessing, neglect the integration of advanced transformer-based models, and do not adequately address model validation, scalability, and adaptability. To address these limitations, this study introduces three Bengali-specific preprocessing strategies to enhance feature representation. It then proposes Transformer-stacking, an effective hybrid detection framework that combines three transformer models, XLM-R-base, multilingual BERT, and Bangla-Bert-Base, via a stacking strategy with a multi-layer perceptron classifier. The framework is evaluated on a publicly available Bengali cyberbullying dataset comprising 44,001 samples across both binary (Sub-task A) and multiclass (Sub-task B) classification settings. Transformer-stacking achieves an F1-score of 93.61% and an accuracy of 93.62% for Sub-task A, and an F1-score and accuracy of 89.23% for Sub-task B, outperforming eight baseline transformer models, four transformer ensemble techniques, and recent state-of-the-art methods. These improvements are statistically validated using McNemar's test. Furthermore, experiments on two external Bengali datasets, focused on hate speech and abusive language, demonstrate the model's scalability and adaptability. Overall, Transformer-stacking offers an effective and generalizable solution for Bengali cyberbullying detection, establishing a new benchmark in this underexplored domain.