AUTHOR=Skjervold Kristin , Sævig Henriette Nordahl , Ræder Helge , Lundervold Arvid , Lundervold Alexander Selvikvåg 
  
TITLE=DiaGuide-LLM—Using large language models for patient-specific education and health guidance in diabetes
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
  
VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025
  
YEAR=2025
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1652556
  
DOI=10.3389/frai.2025.1652556
  
ISSN=2624-8212
  
ABSTRACT=Effective diabetes care relies on communication, patient empowerment, and lifestyle management. However, rising prevalence and workforce shortages challenge current care models. Large language models (LLMs) have the potential to support healthcare delivery by providing personalized health information. While prior studies show promising results, few have compared LLM-generated responses with those from healthcare professionals in chronic disease contexts, particularly from end-users' perspectives. This study compared GPT-4o and healthcare professional responses to diabetes-related questions, evaluating them on knowledge, helpfulness, and empathy. It also explored correlations between these qualities and differences based on participants' educational background. Using a cross-sectional experimental design, 1,810 evaluations were collected through an online questionnaire (November 2024–January 2025). Participants rated responses on 5-point Likert scales for knowledge, helpfulness, and empathy. For all metrics combined, GPT-4o received higher ratings in 46.7% of evaluations (95% CI: 28.8%–64.5%), while healthcare professionals were preferred in 23.3% (95% CI: 8.2%–38.5%). Participants with lower education levels rated GPT-4o significantly higher across all dimensions, while those with ≥4 years of higher education rated it higher for empathy and helpfulness. Quality measures were strongly correlated. Although differences were statistically significant, the observed effect sizes were small and should be interpreted as modest in practical terms. These findings assess perceived quality and accessibility of healthcare communication from end-user perspectives and suggest that LLMs may enhance the perceived quality and accessibility of healthcare communication, particularly among individuals with lower educational attainment. Further research is needed to determine their appropriate role in clinical practice, including objective assessment of clinical accuracy.