AUTHOR=Alotaibi Sarah , Al-Hadhrami Suheer , Al-Ahmadi Saad 
  
TITLE=Enhancing accessibility: a multi-level platform for visual question answering in diabetic retinopathy for individuals with disabilities
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
  
VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025
  
YEAR=2025
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1646176
  
DOI=10.3389/frai.2025.1646176
  
ISSN=2624-8212
  
ABSTRACT=Individuals with visual disabilities possess impairments that affect their ability to perceive visual information, ranging from partial to complete vision loss. Visual disabilities affect about 2.2 billion people globally. In this paper, we introduce a new multi-level Visual Questioning Answering (VQA) framework for visually disabled people that leverages the strengths of various VQA models of the multi-level components to enhance system performance. The model relies on a bi-level architecture that employs two distinct layers. In the first level, the model classifies the question type. This classification guides the visual question to the appropriate component model in the second level. This bi-level architecture incorporates a switch function that enables the system to select the optimal VQA model for each specific question, hence enhancing overall accuracy. The experimental findings indicate that the multi-level VQA technique is significantly effective. The bi-level VQA model enhances the overall accuracy over the state-of-the-art from 87.41% to 88.41%. This finding suggests the use of multiple levels with different models can boost the VQA systems' performance. This research presents a promising direction for developing advanced, multi-level VQA systems. Future work may explore optimizing and experimenting with various model levels to enhance performance further.