AUTHOR=Maldonado-Garcia Cynthia , Bonazzola Rodrigo , Ferrante Enzo , Julian Thomas H. , Sergouniotis Panagiotis I. , Ravikumar Nishant , Frangi Alejandro F. 

TITLE=Predicting cardiovascular disease risk using retinal optical coherence tomography imaging

JOURNAL=Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence

VOLUME=Volume 8 - 2025

YEAR=2025

URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence/articles/10.3389/frai.2025.1624550

DOI=10.3389/frai.2025.1624550

ISSN=2624-8212

ABSTRACT=IntroductionCardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally. Non-invasive, cost-effective imaging techniques play a crucial role in early detection and prevention of CVD. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has gained recognition as a noninvasive method of detecting microvascular alterations that might enable earlier identification and targeting of at-risk patients. In this study, we investigated the potential of OCT as an additional imaging technique to predict future CVD events.MethodsWe analyzed retinal OCT data from the UK Biobank. The dataset included 612 patients who suffered a Myocardial Infarction (MI) or stroke within five years of imaging and 2,234 controls without CVD (total: 2,846 participants). A self-supervised deep learning approach based on Variational Autoencoders (VAE) was used to extract low-dimensional latent representations from high-dimensional 3D OCT images, capturing structural and morphological features of retinal and choroidal layers. These latent features, along with clinical data, were used to train a Random Forest (RF) classifier to differentiate between patients at risk of future CVD events (MI or stroke) and healthy controls.ResultsOur model achieved an AUC of 0.75, sensitivity of 0.70, specificity of 0.70, and accuracy of 0.70. The choroidal layer in OCT images was identified as a key predictor of future CVD events, revealed through a novel model explainability approach.DiscussionOur findings demonstrate the potential of retinal OCT imaging, when combined with advanced deep learning methods, as a predictive tool for identifying individuals at increased risk of CVD events.