AUTHOR=Shan Xiaoyue , Yang Bingsheng , Zhang Ling , Shao Ji , Jin Yan , Qiu Jiayi , Tan Siwei , Ye Haipeng , Le Yanna 
  
TITLE=Current methodologies to the analysis of morphine and its metabolites in biological matrices
  
JOURNAL=Frontiers in Analytical Science
  
VOLUME=Volume 5 - 2025
  
YEAR=2026
  
URL=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/analytical-science/articles/10.3389/frans.2025.1680414
  
DOI=10.3389/frans.2025.1680414
  
ISSN=2673-9283
  
ABSTRACT=Morphine (MOR) is a commonly utilized opioid analgesic in the field of pain management. However, its potential for abuse presents substantial public health concerns. This suggests the necessity for developing an accurate and sensitive analytical method for the determination of MOR and its metabolites in biological specimens. In this review, various analytical techniques, including HPLC, LC-MS, UHPLC-MS and electrochemical sensors, have been applied for the measurement of MOR and its metabolites in biological samples. LC-MS is the gold standard due to its high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, electrochemical methods are also highlighted as a primary analytical approach in this research.